Term
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Definition
| The process of assessing or estimating attributes |
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Term
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Definition
| Connotes that a number or score has been assigned to the person's attribute or performance |
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Term
| Distinguish between a subjective paradigm and an objective paradigm. |
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Definition
Subjective: relies mainly on the scorer's opinion (person bias can significantly impact the rating)
Objective: the rater's judgment plays little or no part in the scoring process |
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Term
| Describe a "free choice" test. |
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Definition
The person taking the test can respond in any manner he or she chooses
Often take more time to score and increase subjectivity (because there is more than one correct answer) |
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Term
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Definition
Indicates the percentage of individuals who answered each item correctly
The higher the number of people who answer a question correctly, the easier the item is |
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Term
| Define dichotomy in regards to testing. |
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Definition
| The test-taker is presented with two opposing choices |
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Term
| Define a multipoint item. |
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Definition
| The test-taker is given three or more forced choices |
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Term
| Define ipsative measures. |
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Definition
Compare traits within the same individual
Do not compare a person to other people who took the instrument
Allows the person being tested to compare items |
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Term
| How is a good time test set up? |
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Definition
| Set up purposely so that no one finishes it |
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Term
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Definition
| Designed to evaluate the level of mastery without a time limit |
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Term
True/False
A timed test is really a type of speed test, but a high percentage of the test takers complete it and it is usually more difficult and has a time limit |
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Definition
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Term
| A personality test or interest inventory measures: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The items on the test get progressively more difficult |
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Term
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Definition
| There are several sections on the test which are spiral in nature |
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Term
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Definition
| Several measures are used to produce results that could be more accurate than those derived from merely using a single source |
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Term
| Distinguish between vertical and horizontal tests. |
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Definition
Vertical: has versions for various age brackets or levels of education
Horizontal: measures various factors during the same testing procedure |
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Term
| Describe the concept of parallel tests. |
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Definition
Occurs when a test has two versions or forms that are interchangeable
Each form must have the same mean, standard error, and other statistical components |
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Term
| What are the two most critical factors in test selection? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is more important, reliability or validity? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A test measures what it says it will measure |
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Term
| Name & describe the 5 basic types of validity. |
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Definition
1) Content validity: does the test examine or sample the behavior under scrutiny?
2) Construct validity: a test's ability to measure a theoretical construct like intelligence
3) Concurrent validity: deals with how well the test compares to other instruments intended for the same purpose
4) Predictive validity: reflects the test's ability to predict future behavior based on established criteria
5) Consequential validity: tries to ascertain the social implications of using tests |
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Term
| What is the relationship between validity and reliability? |
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Definition
A test can be reliable but not valid.
A test CANNOT be valid but not reliable. |
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Term
| Define construct in terms of traits. |
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Definition
| Any trait you cannot "directly" measure or observe |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which a test looks or appears to measure the intended attribute. |
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Term
| Describe incremental validity. |
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Definition
Used to describe the process by which a test is refined and becomes more valid as contradictory items are dropped
Refers to a test's ability to improve predictions when compared to existing measures that purport to facilitate selection in business or educational settings |
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Term
| Describe synthetic validity. |
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Definition
Popularized by industrial organizational psychologists
The helper or researcher looks for tests that have been shown to predict each job element or component |
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Term
| Describe convergent validity. |
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Definition
| A method used to assess a test's construct/criterion validity by correlating test score with an outside source |
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Term
| Describe discriminant validity. |
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Definition
| If a test possesses discriminant validity, it means that the test will not reflect unrelated variables |
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Term
| Name one method of assessing test-retest reliability. |
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Definition
| Giving the same test to the same group of people two times and then correlating the scores |
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Term
| Explain what it means for a test to have a reliability coefficient of .90 |
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Definition
| 90% of the score measured the attribute in question while 10% of the score is indicative or error |
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Term
| What is a typical reliability coefficient for personality tests? |
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Definition
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Term
| What should the reliability coefficient be for admissions for jobs, schools, etc.? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you find the true variance of two tests (the percentage of shared variance or the level of the same thing measured in both)? |
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Definition
Square the correlation (reliability coefficient)
This principle is also called the coefficient of determination. |
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Term
| Define and give an example of a unitary factor |
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Definition
Single factor
According to Galton- intelligence |
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Term
| What did Charles Spearman believe in terms of influencing factors? |
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Definition
Two Factors:
General ability- G
Specific ability- S
He believed these were applicable to any mental task |
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Term
| Distinguish between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence. |
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Definition
Fluid: flexible, culture-free, and adjusts to the situation
Crystallized: rigid; does not change or adapt |
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Term
| Distinguish between convergent and divergent thinking. |
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Definition
Convergent: occurs when divergent thoughts and ideas are combined into a singular concept
Divergent: the ability to generate a novel idea |
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Term
| Describe cross-validation. |
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Definition
| Takes place when a researcher further examines the criterion validity of a test by administering the test to a new sample |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when the cross-validation coefficient is smaller than the initial validity coefficient |
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Term
| How is IQ expressed? (formula) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Compares the individual to a norm (i.e. the person is compared to others in his or her age group) |
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Term
| What are the results of the Binet actually measured in today? |
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Definition
| Standard-age score (SAS) with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15 |
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Term
Who created the first IQ test?
Why was it created? |
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Definition
Simon & Binet
To discriminate normal from retarded Parisian children |
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Term
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Definition
| A popular family therapy/systems theory term that means that dysfunctional families are either too open or too closed (letting too much information in or not enough information in). A healthy family is said to be in a balanced state of negative entropy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Uses dichotomous types: extraversion/introversion, sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling, and judging/perceiving |
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Term
| Define a theory-based test. |
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Definition
| A test is guided via a theory |
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Term
| What is John Ertl known for? |
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Definition
Invented an electronic machine to analyze neutral efficiency and take the place of paper and pencil IQ test.
The theory is that the faster one processes the perception, the more intelligence one has. |
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Term
| What is Raymond Cattell known for? |
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Definition
| Responsible for the concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence |
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Term
| What is Arthur Jensen known for? |
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Definition
| Suggested that the closer people are genetically, the more alike their IQ scores. Adopted children will have IQs closer to their biological parents than their adopted parents |
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Term
| What type of test is the MMPI-2? |
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Definition
| A "self-report" personality inventory |
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Term
| Define the term pyschometric. |
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Definition
| Any form of mental testing |
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Term
| Describe Association, Completion, & Construction in regards of projective tests. |
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Definition
Association: "What comes to mind when you look at this ink-blot?"
Completion: "Complete these sentences with real feelings."
Construction: like drawing a person |
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Term
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Definition
The 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire:
Used for people over the age of 16
Measures key personality factors like assertiveness, emotional maturity, and shrewdness |
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Term
An aptitude test measures:
An achievement test measures: |
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Definition
Potential
What has been learned |
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Term
| Describe the Bender test. |
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Definition
| The Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test is an expressive projective measure known for its ability to discern whether brain damage is evident in people over the age of 4. The client is instructed to copy 9 geometric figures. |
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Term
| What is a major criticism of interest inventories? |
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Definition
| They emphasize professional positions and minimize blue-collar jobs |
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Term
| What do school selection tests measure? |
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Definition
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Term
| A new IQ test has a standard error of measurement of 3. Tom scores 106 on the test. If he takes the test a lot, we can predict that about 68% of the time he will score between: |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the effect on reliability of increasing a test's length? |
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Definition
| It raises the reliability |
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Term
| What is interrater reliability? |
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Definition
| Nearly the same results are found when various researchers give the test to the same people |
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Term
| Name several types of informal assessments. |
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Definition
Keeping a journal of irrational thoughts
Self-reports
Case notes
Checklists
Sociograms of groups
Interviews
Professional staffings |
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Term
| What would be the ideal item difficulty if you want to admit only 25% of individuals into a program? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the range of item difficulty? |
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Definition
0.0 --> Really Hard
1.0 --> Really Easy |
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