Term
| What are the functions of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
- gas exchange
- regulation of pH of extracellular fluid
- smell receptors
- filters air
- eliminates heat and excess water |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important respiratory system function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does formed CO2 do when bound with H2O? |
|
Definition
| create an acid (this is a threat to our pH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the overall process of controlled oxidation of metabolites for the production of useful energy |
|
|
Term
| What does respiration consist of? |
|
Definition
- pulmonary ventilation
- external respiration
- internal respiration
- cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary Ventilation (VsubE) |
|
Definition
| movement of air in and out of the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- happens at the alveolar level
- this is the gas exchange between venous blood and the air in the alveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gas exchange between blood and peripheral tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- occurs inside of tissues
- allows cells to do cell things |
|
|
Term
| Is the respiratory system a closed system or open system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the respiratory system composed of? |
|
Definition
- nose
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs |
|
|
Term
| What are the two structural divisions of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the upper respiratory system consist of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the lower respiratory system consist of? |
|
Definition
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs |
|
|
Term
| What is the conduction portion of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
| a series of tubes that help bring air to the lungs |
|
|
Term
| What are the four main functions of the conduction portion of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
- filter air that enters
- warm the air
- moisturize the air
- conduct if from point A to B |
|
|
Term
| In the conduction portion of the respiratory system, what is point A and what is point B? |
|
Definition
point A: ambient environment
point B: terminal respiratory units |
|
|
Term
| What are the two portions of the conduction tubes? |
|
Definition
- extrapulmonary
- intrapulmonary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of the primary bronchus? |
|
Definition
- two branches off of the trachea (R & L)
- incomplete cartilaginous rings
- between rings there is pseudostratified epithelium that is ciliated |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of the terminal branches of the bronchus? |
|
Definition
- cuboidal epithelium that is un-ciliated
- less pronounced cartilage in plate form
- more smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| What are the resistance muscles in the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the bronchioles control? |
|
Definition
| the shape of the tubes (this controls air flow and what branches get ventilated) |
|
|
Term
| What does respiratory system sympathetic control look like? |
|
Definition
- bronchodilation
- more concentrated beta receptors
- catecholemines (NT) |
|
|
Term
| What does respiratory system parasympathetic conrol look like? |
|
Definition
- bronchoconstriction
- alpha receptors
- ACh (NT) |
|
|
Term
| What makes up a final bronchiole segment? |
|
Definition
| lobule (about 10 total in each lung) |
|
|
Term
| What are the four structures in each final bronchiole segment? |
|
Definition
- lymphatic vessel
- arteriole
- venule
- branch of a terminal bronchiole |
|
|
Term
| What is the terminal bronchiole branch? |
|
Definition
| respiratry bronchiole which is part of the terminal respiratory unit |
|
|
Term
| What is the cascade of the respiratory bronchiole? |
|
Definition
| alveolar ducts --> alveolus and sacs |
|
|
Term
| What is the alveolus and what is its function? |
|
Definition
- cup shaped out-pouching
- lined by thin squamous epithelium
- supported by thin, elastic basement membrane
- functions in keeping optimal conditions for gas exchange in the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- dominant
- ideal surface area for gas exchange
- simple squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- septal, cuboidal cells
- micro-villi
- intermittent
- secrete alveolar fluid (contains surfactant) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| detergent like compound that will decrease the surface tension in the lungs (keeps alveoli from collapsing) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- alveolar macrophages
- keep exchange area clean (what we miss with air filtration)
- can be overwhelmed |
|
|
Term
| How much do the lungs weigh? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much of the weight of the lungs is blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is atmospheric pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve initiates breathing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What needs to be done in order for us to actively inspirate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle allows us to actively inspirate? |
|
Definition
diaphragm
accessory muscles are the intercostals |
|
|
Term
| At what level is inspiration initiated? |
|
Definition
| brain stem (pons and medulla) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two mechanisms of lung expansion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when the diaphragm contracts? |
|
Definition
| it pushes the abdominal contents down and extends the length of the thoracic cavity |
|
|
Term
| While inspiration is active, expiration is ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to expiration when we exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the diaphragm and rib cage cannot allow maximum gas exchange during exercise, what will we utilize? |
|
Definition
| the internal intercostals and the abdominal muscles |
|
|
Term
| What neck muscles are recruited during forced expiration? |
|
Definition
| sternocleidomastoid and scalenes |
|
|
Term
| What is the intrapulmonic and intrapleural pressure at rest? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the intrapulmonic and intrapleural pressure during inspiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the intrapulmonic and intrapleural pressure during expiration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of transpulmonary pressure? |
|
Definition
| pleural and intrapulmonic/alveolar pressure |
|
|
Term
| During expiration, the lungs are moving ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pressure between the two layers of the membranes of the lugs and rib cage |
|
|
Term
| Intrapulmonic/alveolar pressure |
|
Definition
| pressure inside of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| How much energy are we investing in breathing during rest vs exercise? |
|
Definition
| 3-5% at rest, about 50x that with exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an increase in the rate/depth of breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- just over 7 L
- don't utilize it all |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - volume between maximal inspiration and maximal expiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- normal resting breath
- difference between inspiration and expiration
- typically 5 L |
|
|
Term
| Functional Residual Capacity |
|
Definition
- residual volume after maximal exhalation
- more at rest than during exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- leftover air in lungs
- we cannot fully fill or drain lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sum of two or more volumes |
|
|
Term
| Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio |
|
Definition
| ventilation/cardiac output |
|
|
Term
| What does/ the ventilation/perfusion ratio represent |
|
Definition
| the efficiency of exchange of gas |
|
|
Term
| If there is a major change in flow, how long will it take for it to even out between sides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Systole difference between left and right ventricles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the pressure in the right ventricle so low? |
|
Definition
| because pulmonary circulation is a LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM |
|
|
Term
| What are the three factors that allow pulmonary circulation to be low pressure? |
|
Definition
- large number of someone muscular arteries
- large pulmonic capillary beds
- low vascular tone |
|
|
Term
| What is the worst thing that can happen in pulmonary ventilation? |
|
Definition
| right sided hypertension (narrowing of vessels, requires heart transplant) |
|
|
Term
| At rest, how much of our body's blood is in the pulmonary system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is wasted ventilation? |
|
Definition
| blood that does not go through gas exchange |
|
|
Term
| What provides the most ideal conditions for gas diffusion in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the blood flow around the alveolus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four layers of the respiratory membrane? |
|
Definition
- alveolar wall
- basement membrane of alveolus
- (interstitial space)
- basement membrane of capillary
- capillary wall |
|
|
Term
| What are the two components for optimal diffusion of O2 and CO2? |
|
Definition
- large surface area
- short diffusible distance |
|
|
Term
| How long will blood typically spend in the capillaries at one time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when we exercise to the respiratory membrane? |
|
Definition
| we cannot increase the distance of diffusion, but can increase the surface area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pressure exerted by a gas as if it were the only molecule present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sum of partial pressures |
|
|
Term
| What does 760 mmHg equal in atm's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the gases and their percentages that make up ambient air? |
|
Definition
- N (79%)
- O (20.93-21%
- CO2 (.03%) |
|
|
Term
| When we increase in altitude, what happens to the pressure of the air? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to air when we breathe it in? |
|
Definition
| the partial pressure changes because the air warms up and moistens |
|
|
Term
| Where does venous blood travel and what determines its speed? |
|
Definition
- from capillary beds to heart
- directly proportional to the width of the gradient |
|
|
Term
| The solubility of gas into fluid is ________ at a constant temperature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the byproducts of gas exchange? |
|
Definition
- H2O
- CO2
- heat
- free energy |
|
|
Term
| What ratios are altered during gas exchange? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of air that gets to the alveoli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 150 mL of air that does not participate in gas exchange or go to the alveoli |
|
|
Term
| Ventilation/perfusion ratio |
|
Definition
| how well we can match our breathing to our blood flow to the alveolar capillaries |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of breathing? |
|
Definition
| to maintain the composition of the alveolar gas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The net diffusion rate of a gas across a fluid membrane is proportional to the difference in partial pressure, proportional to the area of the membrane and inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three things that the rate of diffusion is directly proportional to? |
|
Definition
- diffusible surface area
- width of the gradient
- diffusion constant of the gas |
|
|
Term
| What is the thing that the rate of diffusion is indirectly proportional to? |
|
Definition
| the diffusible ditance/thickness of the membrane |
|
|
Term
| Which is greater, the diffusion constant for CO2 or O2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the gradient for exchange with exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the partial pressure of oxygen with exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to cardiac output with exercise? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does cardiac output increase with exercise? |
|
Definition
- increased diffusible surface area
- low diffusible distance |
|
|
Term
| Without ________, we would be limited because O2 does not dissolve well in H2O. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is hemoglobin and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| It is the primary protein of red blood cells and it allows us to carry O2 70X more efficiently than without it. |
|
|
Term
| What is the oxygen saturation percentage? |
|
Definition
| ratio of oxygen bound to hemoglobin:amount that has the potential to be bound |
|
|
Term
| Is the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin reversible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If there is a higher concentration of O2, what is favored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve affected by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three methods of CO2 transportation in the blood? |
|
Definition
Bicarbonate (60-70%)
Dissolved (7-10%)
Carbaminohemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| What is the bicarbonate mechanism of CO2 transportation? |
|
Definition
- carbonic anhydrase (RBC enzyme)
- chloride shift
- process reverses itself at the lungs |
|
|
Term
| Which gradient, O2 or CO2, is wider and takes longer at the level of the alveolus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During exercise the gradient ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transport of O2 is effected by the amount of ____ it has to go through |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It is more important to get O2 into the ______ than the ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why must O2 exchange happen fairly rapidly? |
|
Definition
| because it has limited time in the capillaries at the level of the muscles |
|
|
Term
| Having a thicker membrane will ______ the time it takes and _____ diffusion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At rest the mL of oxygen in 100 mL of blood in the arteries is _____ and in the veins it is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During exercisethe mL of oxygen in 100 mL of blood in the arteries is _____ and in the veins it is ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mL of oxygen in 100 mL of blood |
|
|
Term
| What has a higher affinity for oxygen, myoglobin or hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to oxygen during exercise in relation to myoglobin and hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
| myoglobin will pull oxygen away from hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| P_a is the arterial side, P_A is the alveolar side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When CO2 is in equilbrium, the pressure in the arterial side is _____ to the alveolar side, |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If pressure drops below 60 mmHg, what will happen to CO2? |
|
Definition
| it can be overridden by an O2 controller |
|
|
Term
| If the O2 controller overrides CO2, what will happen? |
|
Definition
| we will breathe more and increase the partial pressure of the alveolar gas |
|
|
Term
| What are the two separate, but overlapping, patterns of respiratory control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involuntary drive to breathe (autonomic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| voluntary breathing (somatic and autonomic) |
|
|
Term
| What is the importance of metabolic breathing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four medullary respiratory centers? |
|
Definition
| nucleus tractus solitarius, nucleus retroambiguous, apneustic centerm and pneumotaxix center |
|
|
Term
| Nucleus Tractus Solitarius |
|
Definition
| activated primarily by inspiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activated by both inspiration and expiration (diaphragm, intercostals, and abdominal muscles) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes elongation of the inspiratory process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involved between the switch between inspiration and expiration |
|
|
Term
| Which breath is constant and which is phasic/intermittent? |
|
Definition
| inspiratory is constant, expiratory are phasic |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of chemoreceptors of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| of the CNS (brain/spinal cord), primarily responsible for responding to changes in the partial pressure of CO2 (75%) |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Chemoreceptors |
|
Definition
| carotid bodies and aortic arch, responsible for changes in the partial pressure of CO2 (25%) and oxygen |
|
|
Term
| What do chemoreceptors do? |
|
Definition
| they send feedback to the breathing control centers and will adjust breating in order to return blood gas levels back to homeostatic levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- central
- partial pressure of CO2 goes up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- peripheral
- partial pressure of O2 drops
- can cause alkaline environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combination of hypercapnia and hypoxia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respond to the forces that occur with movement, play a role in the rhythm of breathing |
|
|
Term
| What happens when breathing in? |
|
Definition
| water is saturated and displaces oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "warm blooded", our metabolic hear is our main way of maintaining internal temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintenance of a constant core temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| capable of maintaining constant internal environments regardless of changes in external environments |
|
|
Term
| Core temperature is measured where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peripheral/shell temperature |
|
Definition
| usually skin, will be lower than core temperature |
|
|
Term
| In relation to core temperature, what is the difference between it and metabolically active tissue? |
|
Definition
| metabolically active tissue can have a higher temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conditions of the ambient environment |
|
|
Term
| When muscle temperature goes up during exercise, what must our bodies do? |
|
Definition
| change the blood flow pattern to take heat from muscle and bring it to the periphery |
|
|
Term
| What are the two parts of the human thermostat? |
|
Definition
| pre-optic anterior hypothalamus and posterior hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| Pre-optic anterior hypothalamus |
|
Definition
| main governor of heat dissipation mechanisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plays a role in cold environment, governs heat conservation |
|
|
Term
| What are the three components of a negative feedback system? |
|
Definition
| sensors, controllers, and effectors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| help detect deviations from normality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| take sensory info and compare it to our set point and then initiates corrective actions |
|
|
Term
| What is the integrator of the controllers of a negative feedback system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brig about the corrective actions |
|
|
Term
| Specialized nerves/peripheral sensors |
|
Definition
| give us information about our skin temperature (influenced by ambient temperature) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| redirection of blood flow from one location to another |
|
|
Term
| What are the different mechanisms of temperature regulation controllers? |
|
Definition
| vasomotion, hormonal activity, sudomotor activity, involuntary & voluntary motor activity, and behavioral adjustments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we activate our sympathetic nervous system (catecholemines) which will influence our metabolic rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Involuntary and voluntary motor activity |
|
Definition
Voluntary: exercise
Involuntary: shivering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increasing or decreasing insulation (clothing) |
|
|
Term
| How do we regulate temperature without movement? |
|
Definition
| non-shivering thermogenesis |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of structures that are sensors? |
|
Definition
- peripheral sensors in skin
- deep body sensors in the brain
- nerve endings in hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| What dose the hypothalamus control? |
|
Definition
| heat dissipation and conservation |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of effectors in thermoregulation? |
|
Definition
- blood vessels
- muscles
- sweat glands
- thyroid glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| something higher in temperature than our bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| something that causes heat dissipation |
|
|
Term
| Law of conservation of energy |
|
Definition
| for a system to be in balance in all avenue of heat, then gain must equal loss |
|
|
Term
| What is blood's role in thermoregulation? |
|
Definition
| it can store a lot of heat and we can shunt it from place to place |
|
|
Term
| Most tissues in the body are ________ conductors of heat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Counter-current heat exchange |
|
Definition
| core to periphery and then reverse |
|
|
Term
| How do we conserve heat in a colder environment? |
|
Definition
| our arterial blood passes heat to our venous blood as they pass each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| limited to the muscle, the gradient will be thinner so the blood is hotter |
|
|
Term
| Storage capacity in heat transfer |
|
Definition
| heat storage, temperature when it reaches the area |
|
|
Term
| Delta temperature in heat transfer |
|
Definition
| gradient, wider gradient = cooler |
|
|
Term
| The gradient and the storage capacity are ________ proportional. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Nelson formula for? |
|
Definition
| the equation for thermal balance and efficiency of heat transfer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| M + (R + K + C) - E + W + S = 0 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Methods of dry heat exchange |
|
Definition
| radiation, conduction, convection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- produced
- always positive (heat source)
- the body's way of creating heat
- quantified by kiloCals consumed |
|
|
Term
| What determines kiloCals consumed? |
|
Definition
- oxygen consumption
- respiratory exchange ratio
- caloric cost of this ratio |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exchange of electromagnetic waves from one object to another (cannot see the wavelength), can disrupt with clothing, texture, sitting, etc |
|
|
Term
| Why is dry heat exchange different? |
|
Definition
| no sweat is used to dissipate heat |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of heat dissipation at rest is radiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transfer of heat between two surfaces in direct contact |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of heat dissipation is conduction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If something accepts heat readily it is a(n) _______, if it resists heat it is a(n) ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one example of natural insulation, and one example of artificial insulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heat transfer through a gas or liquid |
|
|
Term
| During convection, will heat transfer faster in water or air? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Things that affect the convective current |
|
Definition
- how much flow
- viscosity
- density
- thermal conductivity
- delta temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| example: a fan will be different from low to high |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| will effect how fast something moves past the skin's surface (no universal effect) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some substances just hold more heat energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the difference between two substances (directly proportional) |
|
|
Term
| Different types of convection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adding some type of energy to achieve this goal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when water is converted into a gas from liquid form |
|
|
Term
| Latent heat of vaporization |
|
Definition
| the amount of heat needed to make sweat evaporate |
|
|
Term
| The effectiveness of evaporation for heat removal from the body is ______ related to how much water on that skin that can be converted to a gas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the cooling of our bodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is better at sweating? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of sweat? |
|
Definition
| Insensible, thermal, and non-thermal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of fluid on the skin surface that is evaporating at rest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sweat that we put out with the intention of dissipation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sweat that occurs due to anxiety or nervousness |
|
|
Term
| Besides sweating, what is another way that we lose water? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In a reference person, how much water do humans lose at rest? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| During exercise, how much water do we lose per hour? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What effects the rate of evaporation? |
|
Definition
- humidity
- air movement
- water on the surface of the skin
- latent heat of vaporization |
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Term
|
Definition
| if the air is more saturated with water then we evaporate sweat less efficiently |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water on the surface of the skin |
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Definition
| too much sweat on the surface will inhibit evaporation efficiency |
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|
Term
| Variations of latent heat of vaporization |
|
Definition
| electrolyte concentration (more dilute sweat evaporates faster) |
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|
Term
| The Nelson formula in hot and cold environments |
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Definition
- may be less than 0 in cold environments
- may be more than 0 in hot environments |
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|
Term
| There are more mechanisms for combating _______ than _______. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are mechanisms of cooling in mammals? |
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Definition
| sweating, panting, and vasodilation |
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|
Term
| During exercise, what is the most dominant form of heat dissipation? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two different classifications of hot environments? |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
- desert regions
- low overall humidity
- wide variation between day and night temperatures
- ambient air is at a higher temperature than the skin
- will not lose heat by convection, radiation, or conduction
- will only lose heat by evaporation (but it is very effective) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- tropical rain forest
- not excessive in temperature
- high levels of humidity (up to 75%)
- may not allow evaporation or radiation
- exercise in humidity will be dangerous |
|
|
Term
| What are the four mechanisms of heat loss? |
|
Definition
- vasomotion (dilation of cutaneous vessels)
- store heat in the body
- body size
- sweat |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| brings heat from the core to the shell |
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|
Term
| During cutaneous vasodilation thermal conductance increases _______ fold |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic mediation of skin blood flow |
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Definition
| due to cholinergic activity at the level of the skin, the dual vasomotion mechanism will DILATE the vessels |
|
|
Term
| What is all autonomic reaction regulated at? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- pressor/depressor center
- change in lumen size to change vessel size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vasomotoin allows us to dissipate heat from the core to the shell |
|
|
Term
| Physiological problems with the core to shell concept |
|
Definition
- finite blood volume
- skeletal muscles during exercise needs a lot of blood, heart works faster
- more vascular beds means lower blood pressure so cardiac output increases
- will lose venous return and stroke volume with dilation |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- related to hydration (dehydration = more heat storage)
- causes core temperature to rise
- heat that we can't dissipate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| larger body sizes handle a greater heat load with less of an increase in temperature (smaller objects get hotter in the sun) |
|
|
Term
| When will insensible sweating not occur? |
|
Definition
| If there is 100% humidity (not really feasible) |
|
|
Term
| What is the maximal thermal sweat that our bodies can manage? |
|
Definition
| 4 L/hour (if replacing fluids constantly) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 mechanisms for dealing with heat loss? |
|
Definition
- ability to dilate the cutaneous vessels
- ability to store heat in the body
- ability to take advantage of body size
- ability to sweat |
|
|
Term
| What happens during cutaneous vasodilation? |
|
Definition
- core to shell
- thermal conductance increases 5-6 fold
- sympathetic mediation of skin blood flow |
|
|
Term
| What is the goal of vasomotion? |
|
Definition
| to increase our cutaneous blood flow |
|
|
Term
| What causes thermal conductance? |
|
Definition
| dilation of cutaneous vessels |
|
|
Term
| What does sympathetic mediation do on a heating/cooling level? |
|
Definition
| bring the skin temperature closer to the core temperature via vasomotion |
|
|
Term
| What does sympathetic mediation do on a autonomic level? |
|
Definition
| - dominant response is vasoconstriction (norepinepherine binding to alpha receptors) |
|
|
Term
| What is dual vasomostion mechanisms? |
|
Definition
| allows some dilation due to sympathetic |
|
|
Term
| If blood pressure drops, cardiac output will _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When will blood be needed the most in the skeletal muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does heat storage exist? |
|
Definition
| because of an increase in work that causes temperature increase |
|
|
Term
| What determines how much heat is stored? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will cause more heat storage, dehydration or being hydrated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is a _______ relationship between core temperature and dehydration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of sweating do eccrine sweat glands do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the autonomic innervation of eccrine sweat glands? |
|
Definition
| sympathetic (catecholemines and ACh) |
|
|
Term
| What structure difference makes appocrine sweat glands different from eccrine glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are appocrine sweat glands associated with? |
|
Definition
| excreting oil, more odorous sweat |
|
|
Term
| Will appocrine glands be activated in the heat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Order of sweat leaving the body |
|
Definition
| water in capillaries --> sweat gland/coil --> duct --> pore --> skin surface |
|
|
Term
| How will we maintain plasma volume while sweating? |
|
Definition
| by taking water from intraceullular and interstitial spaces for the blood |
|
|
Term
| When ______ increases, the blood gets thicker. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complex series of changes that occur in response to environmental changes from 7-14 days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slowly/naturally adapting to environmental changes |
|
|
Term
| Acclimatization in relation to heat |
|
Definition
| increased sweat rate with better distribution across the body |
|
|
Term
| How can we acclimatize ourselves faster? |
|
Definition
| exercising for 100 minutes 4-6 days in a row (more will not increase rate), acclimatized at intensity that you perform |
|
|
Term
| What are the physiological effects of exercising in the heat? |
|
Definition
- increased blood flow
- increased ventilation
- sweating
- increase in body temperature |
|
|
Term
| What is the appropriate amount of body weight to lose from sweat when exercising? |
|
Definition
| 8-11% (18-20% will kill us) |
|
|
Term
| How does a decrease in muscle blood flow affect activity? |
|
Definition
| decrease in oxygen and substrate delivery, also less efficient waste removal |
|
|
Term
| What is the main cause of fatigue? |
|
Definition
| heat cramps due to decreased blood flow |
|
|
Term
| What is stage 1 of heat exhaustion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can symptoms of heat illnesses be caused by? |
|
Definition
| the blowing off of too much CO2 |
|
|
Term
| What happens at the level of the brain during heat stroke? |
|
Definition
| the hypothalamus loses ability to regulate temperature |
|
|
Term
| Why do people die from heat stroke? |
|
Definition
| a spike in temperature that stresses the myocardium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased blood flow (blood viscosity can cause this) |
|
|
Term
| Partial pressure in lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the oxyhemoglobin curve to shift left? |
|
Definition
- decrease temperature
- decrease CO2
- increase pH |
|
|
Term
| What happens to hemoglobin's affinity to oxygen when the curve shifts to the left? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the oxyhemoglobin curve to shift right? |
|
Definition
- increase temperature
- increase CO2
- decrease pH |
|
|
Term
| What happens to hemoglobin's affinity to oxygen when the curve shifts to the right? |
|
Definition
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