Term
| The purpose of a _______________ is to strengthen clients' desirable behaviors that occur too infrequently and decrease their undesirable behaviors in a treatment environment or educational setting. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a token economy, a _____________ is delivered immediately after a desirable behavior. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a token economy, how is a token established as a conditioned reinforcer? |
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Definition
| It is used to purchase access to back up reinforcers that a specific client would enjoy. |
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Term
| What are 3 examples of items that could be used as tokens in a token economy? |
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Definition
poker chips
points
check marks |
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Term
| A ______________ schedule of reinforcement is used early in a token economy, and an ________________ schedule is used later in the program after the target behaviors are occurring consistently. |
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Definition
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Term
| Limiting access to backup reinforcers increases their _____________ because a relative state of deprivation is established. |
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Definition
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Term
| When would it be appropriate to add a response cost procedure to a token economy? |
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Definition
| After a token economy has been in place awhile |
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Term
| What do clients do with the tokens that they earn in a token economy? |
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Definition
| They exchange them for backup reinforcers that work specifically for them. |
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Term
| Why is money a bad token? |
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Definition
| It can be acquired in other ways, you should use a token other than money |
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Term
| A token is delivered for desirable behavior and later exchanged for ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| If backup reinforcers are freely available to the client, their value as reinforcers in a token economy will be _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| In a _________________, tokens are taken away when undesirable behaviors occur. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the goal of a response cost procedure in a token economy? |
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Definition
| Lessen occurrences of undesirable behaviors |
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Term
| Residents receive tokens for prosocial behavior throughout the day and exchange tokens for backup reinforcers at the end of he day. A response cost program was also added in which any inappropriate behaviors resulted in the loss of all tokens for that day. What is wrong with this program? |
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Definition
| The loss of all tokens would negate the positive reinforcement of the desirable behaviors because the client does not have tokens to exchange for backup reinforcers. Problem behaviors may continue because there is nothing left to lose. |
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Term
| How can you increase the reinforcing value of backup reinforcers in a token economy? |
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Definition
| Limit access to the backup reinforcers |
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Term
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Definition
>an informal test used to determine whether a particular event can be classified as a behavior or not
If the event is something a dead man can do, it is not behavior.
Ex. Getting punched is not a behavior |
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Term
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Definition
any thing an individual does that can be observed by other people
ex. talking |
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Term
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Definition
private event; events that cannot be observed by others
ex. thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| dimension of behavior; describes how often a behavior occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| dimension of behavior; describes how long a behavior lasts |
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Term
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Definition
| dimension of behavior; describes how much physical force or effort is involved in a behavior |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when a behavior is strengthened by the addition or increase in intensity of a stimulus
ex. students get points for coming to class; points increase likelihood that students will come to class |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when a behavior is strengthened by the removal or decrease in intensity of a stimulus
ex. alarm clock sound; when you get up and turn alarm off, the unpleasant sound stops |
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Term
| What is the three-term contingency? |
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Definition
The three-term contingency includes the antecedent present when a behavior occurs, the behavior itself, and the stimulus that appears as a result of the behavior.
Sd: R--> S
discriminative stimulus-->response/behavior-->resulting stimulus (consequence + or -)
cold room: turn up heat-->warmer room |
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Term
| A ________ behavior is not observable by others |
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Definition
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Term
| John Watson started the movement in psychology called ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ discovered the law of effect |
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Definition
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Term
| If you want to increase a target behavior, you can provide ___________ for the behavior or remove ______________ for the behavior. |
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Definition
| reinforcement; punishment |
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Term
| If a person fails to engage in desirable behavior, the person is exhibiting a behavioral ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
| ________________ is the process of using behavior modification to change your own behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| behavioral excess; example of self-management problem that consists of a behavioral excess |
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Definition
>occurs when an undesirable target behavior is taking place too often, causing desirable alternative behaviors not to be performed
-ex. eating junk food is immediately reinforced, but has negative long term effects; alternative behaviors such as eating healthy are not engaged in |
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Term
| behavioral deficit; what is the relationship between the target behavior and alternative behaviors involved in a behavioral deficit |
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Definition
>occurs when a desirable target behavior is not being performed, often because competing alternative behaviors are being performed in excess
-target behavior and alternative behaviors are in competition with each other
-usually occurs because alternative behaviors are immediately reinforced, while a target behavior may have a positive long term effect but is not immediately reinforced
-ex. studying vs. watching television |
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Term
| What is a behavioral definition? How does it differ from a label for behavior? |
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Definition
>behavioral definition: specific description of the behaviors that are taking place; includes active verbs and is objective and nonambiguous
>label: ambiguous and typically will consist of emotion words
ex. label= politness; behavioral definition= looking people in the eye, smiling, holding doors open |
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Term
| Why is it important to record a behavior immediately after it occurs? |
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Definition
| So that the behavior is recorded as accurately as possible. Waiting too long after the occurrence of a behavior may result in recording it incorrectly. |
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Term
| Six essential components of a behavior modification graph |
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Definition
1) x and y axis
2) labels for x and y axis
3) numbers on x and y axis
4) data points
5) phase lines
6) phase names |
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Term
| What is generalization? Why is it important in a behavior modification program? |
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Definition
Generalization, when used in a behavior modification context, is the occurrence of the behavior in the presence of all relevant stimuli outside the training situation.
Important: when working to change a behavior, you want behavior to change not only in the training situation, but also in the natural environment in the presence of relevant stimuli |
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Term
| ___________ is when the process of recording a behavior causes the behavior to change |
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Definition
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Term
| Recording the exact time of each onset and offset of the target behavior is called ____________ recording. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a graph, the ____ axis shows the units of time |
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Definition
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Term
| What two phases are represented in an AB design? |
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Definition
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Term
| _______________ is developed through the process of stimulus discrimination training. |
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Definition
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Term
| As a result of discrimination training, what happens in the future when a discriminative stimulus is present? |
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Definition
| The likelihood that the behavior will occur increases |
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Term
| Programming for ________ increases the likelihood that the behavior change will occur in all relevant situations or circumstances in the person's life. |
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Definition
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Term
| Desirable behavior will occur in all relevant situations outside the training situation if the behavior is ___________ in those situations |
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Definition
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Term
| Shaping involves differential reinforcement of _____________________ of a target behavior. |
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Definition
| successive approximations |
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Term
| It is important to use a ____________ reinforcer to avoid satiation during shaping |
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Definition
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Term
| If the target behavior is already occurring at least occasionally, what would you do to get it to occur more often? |
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Definition
| differential reinforcement |
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Term
| What are two types of prompts? |
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Definition
-response prompts
-stimulus prompts |
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Term
| Prompt fading transfers stimulus control from the prompt to the _______________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Which response prompt is most intrusive? |
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Definition
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Term
| Three ways to conduct a task analysis are: |
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Definition
-observe a competent person engaging in the task
-ask an expert
-perform the task yourself and record each of the competent responses |
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Term
| In a behavioral chain, each response creates the ____________ for the next response in the chain |
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Definition
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Term
| In backward chaining, you teach the _______ stimulus-response component in the chain first. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 2 types of time-out? |
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Definition
-exclusionary
-nonexclusionary |
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Term
| If the time-in environment is highly reinforcing, time out is likely to be _________ effective |
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Definition
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Term
| Time-out and response cost are examples of which type of punishment? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three examples of items that could be used as tokens in a token economy? |
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Definition
| poker chips, beads, stamps on a card |
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Term
| What is a token? Identify some items that can be used as tokens. Describe how tokens are used in a token economy. |
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Definition
A token is something delivered to a person immediately after a desirable behavior has been performed. Tokens can be accumulated and eventually exchanged for backup reinforcers.
Examples of items that can be used as tokens are beads, poker chips, and check marks.
Tokens are paired with backup reinforcers such as snacks, toys, and TV time. This causes the tokens to become a conditioned reinforcer for desirable behavior. |
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Term
| What is a generalized conditioned reinforcer? How does a token become a generalized conditioned reinforcer? |
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Definition
A generalized conditioned reinforcer is a conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with a variety of other reinforcers. Common examples are money and praise.
Tokens are paired with a variety of backup reinforcers. |
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Term
| When would a continuous reinforcement schedule be used in a token economy? When would an intermittent schedule be used? |
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Definition
A continuous reinforcement schedule is used at the beginning of a token economy program. This ensures that a clint is earning tokens quickly and can exchange them for backup reinforcers more regularly. Tokens will quickly acquire their value as conditioned reinforcers.
An intermittent schedule may be implemented once desirable behaviors are occurring more frequently. |
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Term
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Definition
reinforcers chosen because they are known to be powerful reinforcers for the clients in the treatment environment.
clients are motivated to engage in desirable behaviors in order to earn tokens because the tokens can be exchanged for access to backup reinforcers. |
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