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Applications of Immunology
Chapter 18
21
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
04/24/2012

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Term
Active Artificial Immunity
Definition
acquired from vaccination
Term
Passive Natural Immunity
Definition
acquired by fetuses from passage of IgG antibodies across the placenta
Term
Active Natural Immunity
Definition
acquired after illness
Term
Passive Artificial
Definition
acquired by infusion of antibodies taken from another person or animal
Term
Attenuated Vaccine
Definition
weakened microbes
should not cause disease
generate strong immune response
lifelong immunity
ie: measles, chicken pox
Term
Inactivated Whole Agent Vaccine
Definition
pathogen is killed
produces weaker immune response
booster shots needed
safer than attenuated
ie: influenza
Term
Toxoid Vaccine
Definition
inactivated toxin
ie: tetanus
Term
Subunit Vaccine
Definition
contains only parts of a pathogen
made through recombinant DNA technology
ie: hepatitis B
Term
Conjugated Vaccine
Definition
carrier protein attached to antigen
used when antigen alone doesn't cause strong enough immune response
ie: HIB (haemophilus influenza type b)
Term
DNA (Nucleus Acid) Vaccine
Definition
a plasmid used as a vaccine
currently approved for use in animals
ie: west nile virus for horses
Term
Serology
Definition
the study of blood serum and its constituents and their role in protecting the body from disease. Specifically, antigen-antibody interactions
Term
Monoclonal Antibodies (Mabs)
Definition
derived from B-cell hybridoma clone
identical
highly specific
produced in large quantities
Term
Monoclonal Antibody Application
Definition
identify the presence of bacterial pathogens
indicate the presence of hormones
ie: urine pregnancy test
Term
Precipitation Reactions
Definition
reaction of soluble antigens with IgG or IgM antibodies
form large, interlocking aggregates called lattices
only occur when antigen/antibody ratio is optimal
Term
Precipitation Reaction Application
Definition
blood specimen mixed with test antigen
detects antibodies or antigens in specimen
low sensitivity
used to detect fungal infection
Term
Agglutination Reactions
Definition
involves large particles or cells that carry antigenic molecules
low sensitivity
Term
Agglutination Reaction Application
Definition
Direct-serum antibody titer
Indirect-rapid detection of antibodies
Hemagglutination-Blood typing
Term
Neutralization Reactions
Definition
antibodies directed against toxins can be produced in animals then injected into humans to provide passive immunity
Term
Neutralization Reaction Application
Definition
detect presence of anti-viral antibodies
Term
Direct Fluorescent Antibody testing
Definition
dye linked to known antibody
used to detect the presence of a specific pathogen
Term
Indirect Fluorescent Antibody testing
Definition
dye linked to antibodies specific for human antibodies
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