Term
Characteristics of Lipid Soluble (Steroid) Hormones
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Definition
Can cross plasma membrane
Carrier proteins in blood
Bind to cytoplasmic receptors which translocate to nucleus to up- or down-regulate DNA expression
Examples: steroid hormones, thyroxin, vitamin D |
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Term
| Characteristics of Water Soluble (peptide) hormones |
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Definition
Cannot cross plasma membrane
No carrier protein in blood
Bind to cell surface receptor, act through 2nd messenger cascades to cause intracellular effect
Example: peptide hormones |
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Term
| The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland by a connecting stalk called the _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| The APG developed from ______. |
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Definition
| inferior embryologic tissue of the palate |
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Term
| The PPG developed from _____ |
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Definition
| nervous embryologic tissue from the hypothalamus |
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Term
Nephrotic Syndrome:
How much protein in urine? |
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Definition
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Term
Membranous Glomerulonephritis:
Who does it occur in?
What generally happens? |
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Definition
Most common glomerulonephritis in adults.
Thickening of glomerular basement membrane in response to endogenous immune complexes. |
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Term
What is a diffuse disease?
Is Membranous glomerulonephritis diffuse? |
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Definition
A disease that affects all of a thing, generally.
So, yes it is bc it affects all glomeruli. |
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Term
| How to treat membranous glomerulonephritis? |
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Definition
Immune suppression
(so like low-dose steroids) |
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Term
Membranoproliferative Glomerularnephritis:
Exogenous Immune complexes (what are these)
The complexes do what? |
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Definition
They come from other areas and are deposited in the glomerular basement membrane.
The complexes stimulate mesangial cells to proliferate -> thickening basement membrane |
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Term
Membranoproliferative Glomerularnephritis:
What's the distinctive histological finding? |
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Definition
| The glomerular capillary loops show two basements membranes giving the loops a tram track appearance |
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Term
Minimal change disease:
common in?
what happens?
Treated how? |
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Definition
Common in young children 2-6 (more common in males)
Something in the foot process charge changes and the foot processes fuse together.
Treated with steroids (the disease is related to immune complexes) |
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Term
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Definition
Just some of the thing is infected
(example: in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis only some of the glomeruli are infected) |
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Term
| Difference between nephritic and nephrotic? |
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Definition
| The amount of protein found in urine (there's less in nephritic) and in nephritic syndrome you see blood in urine (there's a capillary rupture) |
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Term
| _____ is often the cause of fibrosis, scarring and loss of nephrons. |
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Definition
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Term
| The leading cause of kidney failure is ____. The second is _____. |
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Definition
Diabetes, then hypertension
Obesity leads to diabetes leads to end stage renal disease |
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Term
| What is acute renal failure? |
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Definition
| reversible insult (can be fixed) |
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Term
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Definition
low GFR
azotemia
hypervolemia
decreased urine production
retention of H+, K+ |
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Term
| Pre-renal (decreased renal perfusion) ARF is characterized by: |
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Definition
high BUN/creatine ratio
high ADH, aldosterone, Ang II |
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Term
| Characteristics of post-renal (obstruction to urine flow) ARF: |
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Definition
increased HPc to maintain GFR (despite dilating arterioles)
kidney dilates -> calyces & collecting system will NEVER return to normal |
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Term
| Parenchymal ARF (damage to tubules, glomerulus, membranes) is characterized by: |
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Definition
| decreased BUN/creatinine ratio |
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Term
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Definition
| progressive loss of nephron with no regenerative capacity |
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Term
| Chronic renal failure is measured by |
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Definition
| plasma creatinine levels, which are inversely proportional to GFR |
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Term
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Definition
problems w/ kidney that cause kidney failure
chronic glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, etc |
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Term
| Examples of secondary kidney disease: |
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Definition
hypertensive vascular disease
diabetes
partial urinary tract obstruction |
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Term
| Renal insufficiency is defined as |
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Definition
| reduction of GFR to 20-50% normal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| toxin concentration increase in blood due to renal failure |
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Term
| Skeletal/bone alterations w/ renal failure: |
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Definition
increased phosphate
impaired Vit D
decreased Ca
hyperparathyroidism
renal osteodystrophy |
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Term
| CRF kidneys not producing enough erythropoietin (EPO) leads to |
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Definition
| normochromic-normocytic anemia |
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Term
Uremic gastroenteritis is caused by uremia and is...
Uremic fetor is... |
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Definition
bleeding of ulcers along mucosa
bad breath caused by urea breakdown in salivary glands |
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Term
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Definition
man-made membrane
blood forced through this external kidney and returned to body |
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Term
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Definition
biological membrane
fluid injected into peritoneal cavity, allowed to equilibrate for 30 min, then removed |
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Term
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Definition
presence of leukocytes in urine
indication of kidney infection |
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Term
| Where is the first step in urine formation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Diffuse is when all the glomeruli are damaged
Focal is when few glomeruli are affected and the rest are healthy |
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Term
| Global vs Segmental/local |
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Definition
these two refer to damage within a single glomerulus
Global is when entire glomerulus is damaged
Segmental/foal is when only a portion of a glomerulus is damaged |
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Term
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Definition
cell proliferation & increase in cellularity
3 types of cells in glomerulus can proliferate: endothelial cells, mesangial cells, podocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in thickness of glomerulus basement membrane |
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Term
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Definition
tissue necrosis
no removal of cellular debris by immune system in tissue necrosis |
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Term
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Definition
fibrosis within glomerulus
usually seen in chronic disease (hypertension or diabetes).
fibrosis causes narrowing of capillary lumen |
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Term
| nephrotic syndrome leads to ____ which leads to ____ and ____ and ____ and ____ |
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Definition
| nephrotic syndrome leads to hypoalbuminemia which leads to edema and hyperlipoproteinemia and a compromised immune system and a hypercoagulable state. |
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Term
| cause of nephrotic syndrome |
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Definition
immune system
endogenous and exogenous antigens can cause it
cell mediated immune response (T cells/macrophages responding to injury) can also cause it |
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Term
Membranous glomerulonephritis
(Diffuse)
caused by?
treated by? |
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Definition
caused by endogenous Ag in podocytes and proximal convoluted tubule
treated by steroids |
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Term
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
(Diffuse)
caused by? |
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Definition
| caused by exogenous Ag leading to leukocyte deposition and mesangial cell proliferation |
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Term
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
distinctive feature: |
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Definition
| loops of tram track surrounding glomerulus capillary loop (or another basemement membrane basically) |
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Term
Minimal change disease
seem mostly in ____
distinct feature? |
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Definition
children 2-6 years, usually after respiratory infection/immunization
distinct feature: fusion of foot processes on podocytes (causes positively charged basement membrane that filters proteins) |
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Term
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
what do focal and segmental mean?
leads to?
does it respond to immunosuppressants? |
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Definition
focal - only some glomerulus in kidney are affected; segmental - only part of the affected glomerulus is damaged
leads to hyperfiltration in healthy glomerulus and eventual damage to filtration barrier (causing protein filtration, drop in GFR)
It DOES NOT respond to immunosuppressants |
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Term
| Nephritic syndrome symptoms are |
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Definition
proteinuria, hematuria, azotemia, RBC casts, oliguria, hypertention
(mnemonic PHAROH) |
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Term
| COPD describes what three disorders |
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Definition
asthma
emphysema
chronic bronchitis |
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Term
| What's the strongest known predisposing factor for development of asthma? |
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Definition
| Atopy (strong genetic component) |
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Term
| in asthma, eosinophils and mast cells will ____ to release histamine |
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Definition
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Term
| if asthma is untreated for a long time it can cause pulmonary fibrosis and result in _____ COPD |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| asthma is mediated by what antibodies |
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Definition
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Term
| respiratory bronchioles enlarged in this disease |
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Definition
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Term
| acinus is enlarged in this disease |
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Definition
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Term
| both emphysema and chronic bronchitis cause Cor pulmonale. What is that? |
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Definition
| heart disease that is caused by lung disease |
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Term
| Acute intrinsic restrictive disease |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 types of acute intrinsic restrictive diseases |
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Definition
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
cardiogenic, neurogenic, cocaine-induces
increased capillary permeability
ARDS, aspiration pneumonitis, heroin-induced |
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Term
FLATPiG
what's produced in the anterior pituitary |
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Definition
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
GH |
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