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Apologia Biology Module 8
Mendelian Genetics
21
Biology
10th Grade
07/23/2012

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Term
True Breeding
Definition
If an organism has a certain characteristic that is always passed on to its offspring, we say that this organism bred true with respect to that characteristic
Term
Allele
Definition
One of a pair of genes that occupies the same position on homologous chromosomes.
Term
Genotype
Definition
Two-letter set that represents the alleles an organism possesses for a certain trait.
Term
Phenotype
Definition
The observable expression of an organism's genes
Term
Homozygous Genotype
Definition
A genotype in which both alleles are identical
Term
Heterozygous Genotype
Definition
A genotype with two different alleles
Term
Dominant Allele
Definition
An allele that will determine phenotype if just one is present in the genotype
Term
Recessive Allele
Definition
An allele that will not determine the phenotype unless the genotype is homozygous in that allele
Term
Mendel's Principles of Genetics
Definition
  1. The traits of an organism are determined by its genes
  2. Each organism has two alleles that make up the genotype for a given trait
  3. In sexual reproduction, each parent contributes ONLY ONE of it alleles to its offspring.
  4. In each genotype, there is a dominant allele.  If it exists in an organism, the phenotype is determined by that allele.
Term
Pedigree
Definition
A diagram that follows a particular phenotype through several generations.
Term
Monohybrid Cross
Definition
A cross between two individuals, concentrating on only one definable trait.
Term
Dihybrid Cross
Definition
A cross between two individuals, concentrating on two definable traits.
Term
Autosomes
Definition
Chromosomes that do not determine the sex of an individual.
Term
Sex chromosomes
Definition
Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual
Term
Antigen
Definition
A protein that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody.
Term
Autosomal Inheritance
Definition
Inheritance of a genetic trait not on a sex chromosome.
Term
Genetic Disease Carrier
Definition
A person who is heterozygous in a recessive genetic disorder.
Term
Sex-linked Inheritance
Definition
Inheritance of a genetic trait located on the sex chromosomes
Term
Mutation
Definition
A radical chemical change in one or more alleles
Term
Change in Chromosome Structure
Definition
A situation in which a chromosome loses or gains genes during meiosis.
Term
Change in Chromosome Number
Definition
A situation in which abnormal cellular events in meiosis lead to either none of a particular chromosome in the gamete or more than one chromosome in the gamete.
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