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Apologia Biology Ch 11
Apologia
52
Science
9th Grade
02/24/2009

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Term
Invertebrates
Definition
Animals that lack a backbone
Term
Vertebrates
Definition
Animals that possesses a backbone
Term
Spherical symmetry
Definition
An organism possesses spherical symmetry if it can be cut into two identical halves by any cut that runs through the organisms center
Term
Radial symmetry
Definition
An organism posses radial symmetry if it can be cut into two halves by any longitudinal cut through its center
Term
Bilateral symmetry
Definition
An organism possesses bolateral symmetry if it can only be cut into two indentical halves by a single longitudinal cut along its center which divides it into right and left halves
Term
Epidermis
Definition
An outer layer of cells designed to provide protection
Term
Mesenchyme
Definition
The jelly-like substance that seperates the epidermis from the inner cells in a sponge
Term
Collar cells
Definition
Flagellated cells that pump water into a sponge
Term
Amebocytes
Definition
Cells in a sponge that perform digestion and transport functions
Term
Gemmule
Definition
a cluster of cells encased in a hard, spicule-reinforced shell
Term
Polyp
Definition
A sessile, tubular cindarian with a mouth and tentacles at one end and a basal disk at the other
Term
Medusa
Definition
A free-swimming cindarian with a bell-shaped body and tentacles
Term
Epithelium
Definition
Animal tissue consisting of one or more layers of cells taht have only one free surface, because the other surface adheres to a membrane or other substances
Term
Mesoglea
Definition
The jelly-like substance that separates the epithelial cells in a cindarian
Term
Nematocysts
Definition
Small capsules that contain a toxin which is injected into prey or predators
Term
Testes
Definition
The organ that prodices sperm
Term
Ovaries
Definition
The organ that produces eggs
Term
Anterior end
Definition
The end of an animal that contains its head
Term
Posterior end
Definition
The end of an animal that contains the tail
Term
Circulatory system
Definition
A system designed to transport food and other necessart substances throughout a creature's body
Term
Nervous system
Definition
A system of sensitive cells that respond to stimuli such as sound, touch, and taste
Term
Ganglia
Definition
Masses of nerve cell bodies
Term
Hermaphroditic
Definition
Possessing both the male and the female reproductive organs
Term
Regeneration
Definition
The ability to re-grow a missing part of the body
Term
Mantle
Definition
A sheath of tissure that encloses the vital organs of a mollusk, makes the mollusk's shell, and performs respiration
Term
Shell
Definition
A tough, multilayered structure secreted by the mantle
Term
Visceral hump
Definition
A hump that contains a mollusk's heart, digestive, and excretory organs
Term
Foot
Definition
A muscular organ that is used for locomotion and takes a variety of forms depending on the animal
Term
Radula
Definition
A organ covered with teeth that mollusks use to scrape food into their mouths
Term
Univalve
Definition
An organism with a single shell
Term
Bivalve
Definition
An organism with two shells
Term
Do the vast majority of animals have backbones?
Definition
no
Term
Determine the symmetry of the following organisms
Definition
p. 370 Bilateral, Radial, Spherical
Term
How do sponges get their prey?
Definition
constantly pumping water into itself
Term
If a sponge is soft, does it contain spicules or spongin? What purpose do these substances serve in a sponge?
Definition
Spongin, provides framework (support)
Term
What is the predominant mode of asexual reproduction in a sponge?
Definition
budding
Term
What roles do amebocytes play in the anatomy of a sponge?
Definition
digestion and transport nutrients, carry waste, bring gases to the cells, & form the spicules or spongin
Term
When does a sponge produce gemmules?
Definition
to protect from freezing temperatures
Term
What is the difference between the nematocytes of a hydra and those of a sea anemone?
Definition
how it gets triggered
Term
Why do cnidarians not need respiratory or excretory systems?
Definition
gases and waste can be directly exchanged with the surroundings through the body itself
Term
Some biology books say that jellyfish live "dual lives." Why?
Definition
because they are polyps and medusas
Term
If a jellyfish reproduces sexually, what form is it in?
Definition
medusa
Term
What is another name for a coral colony?
Definition
coral reefs
Term
Name all of the structures in the diagram below.
Definition
P. 353
Term
What benefits do earthworms give plants in the soil that they inhabit?
Definition
better soil
Term
If you pick up two earthworms and the first feels very slimy near the clitellum and the second does not, what can you conclude about the first earthworm?
Definition
it has mated
Term
What similarities exist between the hydra's sexual reproduction and the earthworm's? What differences exist?
Definition
produces both eggs and sperm, worm cannot mate with itself
Term
What will happen to an earthworm if its cuticle gets dry?
Definition
it will suffocate
Term
Why don't planarians need circulatory systems?
Definition
because the intestine branches extend throughout most of the body
Term
If a flatworm has no complex nervous or digestive systems, it is most likely free-living or parasitic?
Definition
parasitic
Term
What is the main mode of asexual reproduction in a planarian?
Definition
regeneration
Term
Place each organism in one of the following phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Annelida, Mollusca, Platyhelminthes
Definition
P. 372
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