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APhys
Pierce: exam 1
76
Physiology
Graduate
02/17/2011

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Term
Regulatory protein that is activated by calcium ions to cause skeletel muscle contraction.
Definition
Troponin
pg 93
Term
Initiation of translation takes place in the?
Definition
Cytosol
Term
Main difference of phagocytosis vs pinocytosis?
Definition
Large PARTICLES, bacteria, dead cells, debris.
Evagination
Not spontaneous or nonselective
Opsonization-antibody attaches bacteria to phagocytic receptor
Term
Main difference of pinocytosis vs phagocytosis?
Definition
large MACROMOLECULES, proteins molecules
Invagination
Can't do bacteria
Occurs in most cells
Term
Similarities between pino/phagocytosis?
Definition
Involve mvnt of plasma membrane
Use actin filiments
Both use ATP
Term
The formation of proteins on ribosomes?
Definition
Translation
Term
Process of translation?
Definition
mRNA comes in contact with ribosome, protein molecules are formed and freed into the cytoplasm.
there is no specificity of ribosomes to proteins.
Term
Zipper like manner to close? pino or phago?
Definition
Phagocytosis
Term
Muscle: does not have troponin complex?
Definition
Smooth
Term
Muscle: slow cycling of myosin cross bridges
Definition
Smooth
Term
Muscle: lower max force?
Definition
skeletal
Term
Muscle: Ca+ ions combine with Calmodulin. Calmodium/Ca+ combine activates myosin ligh chain kinase
Definition
Smooth
Term
Muscle: Ca+ combines with troponin
Definition
skeletal
Term
In smooth muscle Ca+ binds with?
to activate?
Definition
Calmodulin
myosin light chain kinase, a phosphorylating enzyme.
Term
Redundancy or degeneration of the genetic code take place during which step of protien synthesis?
Definition
Translation
Term
What types of diffusion can work in the absence of ATP?
Definition
Simple and facilitated
Term
Diff. between simple and facilitated diffusion?
Definition
Simple-open channel, follows concentration gradient.
Facilitated: requires carrier protein.
Term
The primary mechanism where solutes move accross a capillary wal?
Definition
simple Diffusion
Term
Most of the ATP is formed here>
Definition
Mitochondria
Term
Converted to pyruvic acid
Definition
Glucose
Term
Explain citric acid/Kreb's cycle
Definition
Pyruvic acid--> carbohydrates
Lipids --> Fatty acids
Proteins--> AA
All are converted to CoA in the matrix of the mitochondria via the chemical reactions of kreb and citric cycle.
Term
What is the consequence of myelination in large nerve fibers?
Definition
Action potentials in myelinated axons occur only at the period breaks in the myelin sheath. Called nodes of Ranvier.
Term
What are the nodes of Ranvier?
Definition
Periodic breaks in the myelin sheath where action potentials can occur.
Term
Benefits of myelination of nerves?
Definition
Insulation to axon membrance, decreasing membrance capacitance therfore decreasing leakage.
Increases the velocity of nerve impulses.
minimizes the # of charges that cross the membrance during an impulse, thus minimizing the energy required by Na, K-ATPase to re-establish the relative concentration gradients.
Term
How much time does it take for blood to circulate in the body?
Definition
1 minute for complete circuit at rest.
or about 5L/min.
Term
This hormone has two major effects on the heart. First, it decreases the rate of the rhythm of the sinus node, and second, it decreases the excitability of the A-V junctional fibers between the atrial musculature and the A-V node, thereby slowing transmission of the cardiac impulse into the ventricles.
Definition
Acetylcholine
Term
Effect of acetylcholine on heart?
Definition
Stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves to the heart(the vagi) causes the hormone acetylcholine to be released at the vagal endings. This hormone has two major effects on the heart. First, it decreases the rate of the rhythm of the sinus node, and second, it decreases the excitability of the A-V junctional fibers between the atrial musculature and the A-V node, thereby slowing transmission of the cardiac impulse into the ventricles.
Term
S1 is?
Definition
First heart sound. Closure of AV valves. (mitral and tricuspid) beggining of systole
Term
s2 is?
Definition
closure of semilunar valces (aortic and pulmonic)at the end of systole
Term
Explain the PR interval.
Definition
The time between the beginning of the p wave and the beginning of the qrs complex. The interval between the beginning of electrical excitation of the atria and the beginning excitation of the ventricles.
Term
Explain the QRS complex.
Definition
Caused by potientials generated when the ventricles depolarize before contraction, that is, as the depolarization wave spreads through the ventricles.
Term
Q-T invterval explain.
Definition
the contraction of the ventricle, lasts from q to t.
Term
Explain T wave
Definition
Ventricles recover from a state of depolarization, repolarization wave.
Term
What increases the transport of O2 accross capillary walls?
Definition
Lipid soluble: can diffuse directly through the cell membrane. Co2 can also do this. THey can permeate all areas of the capillary membrane.
Term
Explain how in adult s, their metabolic needs are the main factor that effects blood flow to skeletal muscles.
Definition
An increase in metabolism up to 8x, increases blood flow acutely about 4x.
Term
Important local vasodilator for controlling local blood flow?
Definition
adenosine
Term
2 special examples of metabolic control mechanisms for controlling blood flow?
Definition
Reactive hyperemia, active hyperemia
Term
Type of blood flow mechanism set into effect after an occlusion
Definition
Reactive hyperemia
Term
Type of blood flow mechanism set into effect when any tissue becomes highly active, like excercise, brain rapid mental activity, high liver function, etc
Definition
active hyperemia
Term
The inverse of vascular resistance is?
Definition
Vascular conductance
Term
under normal physiological conditions, blood flow to the skeletal muscles is determined mainly by which of the following?
sympathetic nerves
angiotension II
vasopressin
metabolic needs
capillary osmotic pressure
Definition
metabolic needs
Term
Explain sympathetic vaso reaction
Definition
Norepinephrine a powerful vasoconstrictor hormone is realeased. Along with epinephrine(is less of a vasoconstrictor and in some tissues causes vasodilation like the heart)
When the SNS is stimulated norepi is released which stimulates the heart and contracts the veins and arterioles.
Term
What are some important vasocontrictor agents?
Definition
Norepi, epinephrine
AngiotensionII
Vasopressin*(antidiuretic hormone)
Term
Important vasodilator agents
Definition
Bradykinin,Histamine
Term
See pg 200 for more vascular control by ions and other chemical factors
Definition
Term
RANDOM molecular movement of substances, molecule by molecule. Either through intermolecular spaces in the membrance or in combination with a carrier protein.
Definition
Diffusion
Term
The movement of IONS or other substances across the membrance in combination with a carrier protien in such a way that the carrier protien causes the substance to move AGAINST an energy gradient, require an additional energy source.
Definition
active transport
Term
fluid movement across capillaries determined by hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures.
Definition
filtration
Term
Simple and facilitated diffusion have what in common?
Definition
Don't require ATP
Term
What type of diffusion is not rate limited by intrinsic Vmax?
Definition
Simple, can go through carrier channels and the rate is linear with solute concentration.
Term
Among the most important substances that cross cell membranes by facilitated diffusion are?
Definition
Glucose, and most amino acids. pg50
(q 51 pg 15)
Term
Sodium dependent transport of calcium, hydrogen is an example of ?
Definition
Counter Transport
Term
A good example of simple diffusion would be?
Definition
Transport of 02 across lipid bilayer
Term
Co -transport?
Definition
Na dependent transport of glucose and amino acids.
Term
transport of glucose formt eh intestinal lumen to an intestinal epithelial cell is an example of
Definition
Co-transport
Term
movement of Na+ ions into a nerve cell during the upstroke of an action potential is an example of>
Definition
simple diffusion, because during the rapid depol phase of nerve action potential, voltage sensitive na+ channels open and allow the influx of Na+ ions into the cytosol.
Term
What substances use simple diffusion through lipid bilayer
Definition
O2, nitrogen,Co2, alcohols.
Term
Adensine, Lactic Acid, Potassium ions, diminished calcium ion concentration, and increased body temp
Definition
Can cause vasodilation locally.
Term
A hormone causes contraction of a smooth muschle when the muscle cell mebrane contains ____________________?
Definition
Hormonegated exitatory receptors for the respective hormone.
Term
Hormone gated excitatory receptors cause?
Definition
contraction
Term
Inhibitory receptors cause?
Definition
dilation
Term
The viscosity of blood is about ___ times the viscosity of water
Definition
3
Term
The proportion of blood that is red blood cells is?
Definition
hematocrit
Term
polycythemia
Definition
when hematocrit rises to 60 or 70. blood flow through vessels is greatly retarded.
Term
vicosity of whole blood at normal hematocrit is about __? which means?
Definition
3, which means 3 times as much pressure is required to force whole blood as to force water through the same blood vessel.
Term
Whenever an excess amount of blood flows through a tissue, the local tissue vasculature _____ and _____ the blood flow back to normal.
Definition
Constrics, decreases
pg 217 (top right)
Term
Difference between osmolarity and osmolality?
Definition
Molar =SOLUTE concentration, osm/L
Molal= POWDER osm/kg
Term
Explain autoregulation of tissue blood flow in response to increases and decreases in arterial pressures.
Definition
metabolic theory- excess flow washes out vasodilators.
myogenic theory-stretch of small blood vessels causes the smooth muscle of the vessel wall to contract.
Term
Lymph flow is determined by?
Definition
interstitial fluid pressure and activity of lymphatic pump. Rate of lymph flow is determ. by the product of the interstitial fluid pressure times the activity of the lymphatic pump.
Term
Understand how calcium binds to troponin
Definition
Calcium binds to troponin C, causing it to pull the tropomyosin off of the active sites on the actin allowing the myosin head to bind to the active sites and undergo contraction.
Term
Review the concentration gradients of potassium.
Definition
Extracellular fluid concentration of potassium = 4
Intracellular fluid concentration of potassium = 140
Term
How do you calculate the net pressure for fluid movement across a capillary wall?
Definition
NP=Pc-Pif-IIp+IIif
Pc=capillary pressure
Pif=Interstitial fluid pressure
IIp=plasma colloid osmotic pressure
IIif=Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure.
Term
Review how calcium is stored in transverse tubules.
Definition
Calcium is stored in the vesicular tubules and is bound to the protein calsequestrin in the sarcoplasmic reticulum which is released in response to an action potential.
In cardiac muscle it is also bound to mucopolysaccharides in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Term
_________ is when the tension remains the same but the muscle length changes. It depends on the load the muscle contracts against and the inertia of the load.
Definition
Isotonic contraction
Term
________ is when the muscle length remains the same. It is used to compare functional characteristics of different types of muscles because it records changes in the force of contraction.
Definition
Isometric contraction
Term
Properties of glycocalyx?
Definition
Carbohydrate outside surface coating of the cell.
Negative charge, attaches to communicate with some other cells.
Immune reactions
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