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APHG Exam Study Cards
definitions/maps/models
51
Geography
9th Grade
05/08/2010

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Term
SPACE
Definition
THE PHYSICAL GAP OR INTERVAL BETWEEN TWO OBJECTS; THE GEOMETRIC SPACE OF EARTH
Term
SCALE
Definition

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GENERALLY, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PORTION OF EARTH BEING STUDIED AND EARTH AS A WHOLE, SPECIFICALLY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SIZE OF AN OBJECT ON A MAP AND THE SIZE OF THE ACTUAL FEATURE ON EARTH'S SURFACE.

Term
REMOTE SENSING
Definition
THE AQUISITION OF DATA ABOUT EARTH'S SURFACE FROM A SATELLITE ORBITING THE PLANET OR OTHER LONG-DISTANCE METHODS
Term
RELATIVE LOCATION
Definition
THE LOCATION OF A PLACE COMPARED TO A KNOWN PLACE OR GEOGRAPHIC FEATURE
Term
REGION
Definition
AN AREA DISTINGUISHED BY A UNIQUE COMBINATION OF OF TRENDS OR FEATURES
Term
TOPONYM
Definition
THE NAME GIVEN TO A PORTION OF EARTH'S SURFACE
Term
PLACE
Definition
A SPECIFIC POINT ON EARTH DISTINGUISHED BY A PARTICULAR CHARACTER
Term
PHYSIOLOGICAL DENSITY
Definition
THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE PER UNIT OF AREA OF ARABLE LAND, WHICH IS LAND SUITABLE FOR AGRICULTURE
Term
MENTAL MAP
Definition
AN INTERNAL REPRESENTATION OF A PORTION OF EARTH'S SURFACE BASED ON WHAT AN INDIVIDUAL KNOWS ABOUT A PLACE, CONTAINING PERSONAL IMPRESSIONS OF WHAT IS IN A PLACE AND WHERE PLACES ARE LOCATED
Term
ABSOLUTE LOCATION
Definition
LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE
Term
ARITHMETIC DENSITY
Definition
THE TOTAL NUMBER OF PEOPLE DIVIDED BY THE TOTAL LAND AREA
Term
CULTURAL LANDSCAPE
Definition
FASHIONING OF A NATURAL LANDSCAPE BY A CULTURAL GROUP
Term
DIFFUSION
Definition
THE PROCESS OF SPREAD OF A FEATURE OR TREND FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER OVER TIME
Term
DISTANCE DECAY
Definition
THE DIMINISHING IN IMPORTANCE AND EVENTUAL DISAPPEARANCE OF A PHENOMENON WITH INCREASING DISTANCE FROM ITS ORIGIN
Term
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
Definition
A COMPUTER SYSTEM THAT STORES, ORGANIZES, ANALYZES, AND DISPLAYS GEOGRAPHIC DATA
Term
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)
Definition
A SYSTEM THAT DETERMINES THE PRECISE POSITION OF SOMETHING ON EARTH THROUGH A SERIES OF SATELLITES, TRACKING STATIONS, AND RECEIVERS
Term
GRAVITY MODEL
Definition
A MODEL THAT HOLDS THAT THE POTENTIAL USE OF A SERVICE AT A PARTIULAR LOCATION IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN A LOCATION AND INVERSELY RELATED TO THE DISTANCE PEOPLE MUST TRAVEL TO REACH THE SERVICE
Term
SEQUENT OCCUPANCY
Definition
THE SUCCESSION OF GROUPS AND CULTURAL INFLUENCES THROUGHOUT A PACE'S HISTORY
Term
FORMAL REGION
Definition
THE SPATIAL DEFINITION IS AN AREA OF BOUNDED SPACE THAT POSSESSES SOME HOMOGENOUS CHARACTERISTIC OR UNIFORMITY
Term
LINGUISTIC REGION
Definition
EVERYONE SPEAKS THE SAME LANGUAGE BUT GROUPS IN THAT REGION CAN BE VERY DIFFERENT CULTURALLY
Term
CULTURE REGIONS
Definition
TEND TO HAVE FUZZY BORDERS; EX. THE BORDER BETWEEN DIXIE AND "THE NORTH" IN THE US
Term
POLITICAL REGIONS
Definition
FINITE AND WELL-DEFINED; EX. BETWEEN CANADA AND THE US; THE US AND MEXICO
Term
ENVIRONMENTAL REGION
Definition
TRANSITIONAL AND MEASURABLE
Term
ECOTONE
Definition
THE ENVIRONMNTAL TRANSITION ZONE BETWEEN TWO BIOREGIONS, OR BIOMES
Term
FUNCTIONAL REGIONS
Definition
ALSO CALLED NODAL REGIONS; AREAS THAT HAVE A CENTRAL PLACE OR NODE THAT IS A FOCUS OR POINT OF ORIGIN THAT EXPRESSES SOME PRACTICAL PURPOSE; EX. MARKET AREA
Term
VERNACULAR REGION
Definition
BASED UPON THE PERCEPTION OR COLLECTIVE MENTAL MAP OF THE REGION'S RESIDENTS
Term
RELATIVE LOCATION
Definition
REFERS TO THE LOCATION OF A PLACE COMPARED TO A KNOWN PLACE OR GEOGRAPHIC FEATURE
Term
DECIMAL DEGREES
Definition
WHEN DECIMALS ARE USED TO DIVIDE PARTIAL DEGREES INSTEAD OF MINUTES AND SECONDS
Term
PRIME MERIDIAN
Definition
0 DEGREES LONGITUDE, RUNS THROUGH GREAT BRITAIN BECAUSE THE OTHER MEANS TO ACCURATELY CALCLUATE LONGITUDE AT SEA WAS DEVELOPED BY THE BRITISH ROYAL NAVY
Term
SITE
Definition
THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A PLACE
Term
SITUATION
Definition
LOCATION OF A PLACE RELATIVE TO OTHER PLACES
Term
DISTANCE DECAY
Definition
THE FURTHER AWAY DIFFERENT PLACES ARE FROM A PLACE OF ORIGIN, THE LESS LIKELY WILL BE WITH THE ORIGINAL PLACE
Term
TOBLER'S LAW
Definition
STATES THAT ALL PLACES ARE INTERRELATED, BUT CLOSER PLACES ARE MORE RELATED THAN FURTHER ONES
Term
FRICTION OF DISTANCE
Definition
THE LENGTH OF DISTANCE BECOMES A FACTOR THAT INHIBITS THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TWO POINTS
Term
SPACE-TIME COMPRESSION
Definition
DECREASED TIME AND RELATIVE DISTANCE BETWEEN PLACES
Term
MODES OF TRANSPORTATION
Definition
AIRPLANES AND TRAINS; CAN REDURE TRAVEL TIME BETWEEN TWO DISTANT POINTS, AND AS A RESULT, INCREASE INTERACTION
Term
CENTRAL PLACES
Definition
ANY NODE OF HUMAN ACTIVITY; THE CENTERS OF ECONOMIC EXCHANGE
Term
CENTRAL PLACE THEORY
Definition
DEVELOPED IN THE 1930S BY WALTER CHRISTALLER. IN THE MODEL, CITY LOCATION AND THE LEVEL OF URBAN ECONOMIC EXCHANGE COULD BE ANALYZED USING CENTRAL PLACES WITH HEXAGONAL MARKET AREAS, WHICH OVERLAPPED AT DIFFERENT SCALES.
Term
CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT (CBD)
Definition
THE AREA OF A CITY WHERE RETAIL AND OFFICE ACTIVITIES ARE CLUSTERED
Term
AGRICULTURAL DENSITY
Definition
THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE PER SQUARE UNIT OF LAND ACTIVITY UNDER CULTIVATION
Term
HEARTH
Definition
POINT OF ORIGIN, A PLACE OF INNOVATION
Term
EXPANSION DIFFUSION
Definition
THE SPREAD OF A FEATURE OR TREND AMONG PEOPLE FROM ONE AREA TO ANOTHER IN A SNOWBALLING PROCESS
Term
HIERARCHICAL DIFFUSION
Definition
THE SPREAD OF A FEATURE OR TREND FROM ONE KEY PERSON OR NODE OR AUTHORITY TO OTHER PERSONS OR PLACES
Term
RELOCATION DIFFUSION
Definition
THE SPREAD OF A FEATURE OR TREND THROUGH BODILY MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER
Term
CONTAGIOUS DIFFUSION
Definition
THE RAPID, WIDESPREAD DIFFUSION OF A FEATURE OR TREBD THROUGHOUT A POPULATION
Term
STIMULUS DIFFUSION
Definition
THE DIFFUSION OF AN UNDERLYING PRINCIPLE, EVEN THOUGH A SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTIC IS REJECTED
Term
EQUAL-AREA PROJECTION
Definition
ATTEMPT TO MAINTAIN THE RELATIVE SPATIAL SCIENCE AND THE AREAS ON A MAP
Term
CONFORMAL PROJECTIONS
Definition
ATTEMPT TO MAINTAIN THE SHAPE OF POLYGONS ON THE MAP
Term
MODEL
Definition
AN ABSTRACT GENERALIZATION OF REAL WORLD GEOGRAPHIES THAT SHARE A COMMON PATTERN
Term
SPATIAL MODEL
Definition
ATTEMPTS TO SHOW THE COMMONALITIES IN PATTERN AMONG SIMILAR LANDSCAPES
Term
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL
Definition
USES POPULATION DATA TO CONSTRUCT A GENERAL MODEL OF THE DYNAMIC GROWTH IN NATIONAL SCALE POPULATIONS WITHOUT REFERENCE TO SPACE
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