Term
| Every 24 hours your brain needs _____ gm of glucose and ____ liters of oxygen. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| caused by malfunction of the language-competent regions of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common cause of dysfunction. It is the interruption of the brain's blood supply. |
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Term
| Cerebral vascular accident (CVA) |
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Definition
| synonymous with the term, stroke. (Interruption of the brain's blood supply) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
(depends on area of the brain affected)
partial or complete loss of voluntary movement or sensation in a leg or arm; speech problems; weak facial muscles; numbness or tingling; balance;vision; swallowing; breathing difficulties; or unconsciousness. |
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Term
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Definition
| hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart disease, infections, trauma, drugs, arterial dissection, cocaine, congenital absence or atresia of artery, radiation fibrosis, vasculitis, HIV, fibromuscular hyperplasia, moyamoya disease, hypertensive encephalopathy, sickle cell disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Initial stage of pathologic condition, PROGRESSES RAPIDLY; symptoms FULLY DEVELOPED within minutes to a day or two. Immediately following the injury there is a generalized disruption of cerebral processes. Parts of the brain not directly injured cease to function or function poorly. There is a GENERALIZED disruption of brain function. |
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Term
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Definition
| Initial stage of pathologic condition, PROGRESSES RAPIDLY; symptoms FULLY DEVELOPED within minutes to a day or two. |
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Term
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Definition
| Progresses SLOWLY; symptoms develop in piecemeal fashion over months or years to be fully expressed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Functions gradually resolve leaving more limited disruption of specific processes. Pattern of disruption depends on actual location of damage in the brain. |
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Term
| Two major types of acute neurological events |
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Definition
| cerebral ischemia, cerebral hemorrhage |
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Term
| 4 types of cerebral ischemia |
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Definition
| Thrombosis, Embolism, Lacunar, transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) |
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Term
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Definition
| Extracerebral, intracerbral, arteriovenous malformations |
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Term
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Definition
| account for more than 80% of strokes; AKA "occlusive stroke." Ischemia developes after 30 seconds of restriction. After 1 minute, neural function may cease. Blocked artery results in loss of blood supply to CNS tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| > 5 mintues, death of tissue caused by interruption of blood supply |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Gradual accumulation & plugging of artery until closed. Begins in area of slowed blood flow & increase turbulence. Occurs in LARGE arteries. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atherosclerotic plaque (fatty deposits & fibrous material) thickening over years. May form as a "clot" as blood platelets & fibrin adhere to arterial plaque area. If clot breaks off & floats, becomes embolic material. |
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Term
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Definition
| Artery is occluded by a fragment of material that has traveled through the circulatory system until it reaches a blood vessel smaller than its own diameter, it stops, occluding the artery. Symptoms are sudden over a few minutes. |
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Term
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Definition
| lining of artery, tumor tissue, bacteria, or other solids in the blood stream. |
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Term
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Definition
| small subcortical infarcts (<15mm diameter) in territory of deep penetrating arteries. (Basal ganglia, internal capsule, thalamus, corona radiata & pons). This is small vessel disease. The most common symptom is hemiparesis and the 2nd most common symptom is dysarthria. |
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Term
| Transient Ischemic Attacks |
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Definition
| (AKA: mini-stroke) a temporary disruption (focal) of cerebral circulation. Temporary physical & sensory symptoms lasting 2 to 30 minutes to up to 24 hours. it is a sign of potential impending major stroke. |
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Term
| After a TIA ___% to ____% have a major stroke within 1 year. |
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Definition
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Term
| After a TIA __% to ___% have a major stroke within 5 years. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by rupture of a cerebral blood vessel facilitated by weakness in vessel wall, trauma to vessel and/or extreme fluctuations in blood pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bleeding in the meninges or into surface spaces. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bleeding within brain or brainstem. Common locations are in & around the thalamus, basal ganglia, brainstem (pons) & cerebellum. Usually associated with High BP. Most are not surgically manageable. |
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Term
| Arteriovenous malformations |
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Definition
| Swollen & distended veins connected to twisted mass of arteries. These can cause headache & other CNS symptoms; Walls may be weak, leading to leaking or rupture & subarachnoid hemorrhaging. If caught, it can be surgically treated. |
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Term
| Cerebral Hemorrhage comprise ___% of CVAs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Accumulation of blood secondary to a hemorrhage. Pools causing pressure & irritation to surrounding tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hemorrhage into space beneath the dura and arachnoid layers of meninges. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ballooning or out pouching of weakened portion of arterial blood vessel. if it hemorrhages, it resuts in hematoma |
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Term
| classifications of extracerebral hemorrhages are determined by ________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| most common, caused by ruptured aneurysms; common places of occurrence: internal carotid, anterior cerebral artery & middle cerebral artery. |
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Term
| Hypertension is present in ___% of cerebral hemorrhages |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| leads to degenerative changes in small penetrating arteries, weakening walls & creating microaneurysms. |
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Term
| Physiological changes after the stroke |
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Definition
| after 2-4 weeks, swelling begins to recede; physical/cognitive behaviors begin to improve; cerebral blood flow to undamaged neurons is restored and neurotransmitters are reabsorbed. |
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Term
| spontaneous recovery period |
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Definition
| (30 days is generally accepted as the time frame for this)Although it is difficult to predict recovery until post-injury stability returns. |
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Term
| Recovery for acute events |
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Definition
| Ischemic & hemorrhagic strokes have different courses of recovery, and one must wait 3-4 weeks before predicting recovery. |
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Term
| Recovery for acute events depends on what 2 things? |
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Definition
| amount of brain tissue destroyed & location of destruction |
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Term
| Recovery from Ischemic strokes |
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Definition
| greatest recovery is in first weeks with gradual deceleration of rate. Recovery is greatest for patient in middle severity ranges. |
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Term
| Severe vs mild Ischemic strokes (recovery) |
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Definition
| Severe remain severe; mild attain premorbid levels |
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Term
| Most recover from Ischemic strokes within ___months after onset. |
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Definition
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Term
| Recovery of Ischemic strokes is complete by ____ months after onset. |
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Definition
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Term
| Recovery of Hemorrhagic strokes |
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Definition
| Usually little improvement in 1st 4-8 weeks, followed by period of rapid recovery, then slows & stablizes. Recovery is usually completed by 6 months after onset. |
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Term
| Recovery of Hemorrhagic strokes |
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Definition
| Usually little improvement in 1st 4-8 weeks, followed by period of rapid recovery, then slows & stablizes. Recovery is usually completed by 6 months after onset. |
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Term
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Definition
| Presence known slowly, over a period of time rather than all at once. Difficult to determine time of onset. Pathology may be advanced when seen by physician for first time. |
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Term
| Insidious processes may cause... |
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Definition
| aphasia, dementia, dysarthria, and personality disruptions. |
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Term
| Name 6 different insidious processes |
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Definition
| Intracranial tumors, hydrocephalus, infections, toxicities, metabolic disorders, and nutritional |
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Term
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Definition
| Astrocytomas, glioblastoma multiform |
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Term
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Definition
| cancer that started elsewhere but spread to the brain via the bloodstream. |
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Term
| What are two types of bacterial insidious brain infections? |
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Definition
| meningitis, brain abcesses |
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Term
| Toxicities that cause insidious processes |
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Definition
| drugs, bacterial, heavy metals |
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Term
| Name two metaboloic disorders that cause insidious processes |
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Definition
| severe hypoglycemia & thyroid disorders |
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Term
| T/F Most patients are seen by a physician before they are seen by an SLP. |
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Definition
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Term
| Neurologists want to determine... |
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Definition
| Location & extent of pathology; location & extent of pathology; nature and cause of pathology; course of pathology-static, resolving, progressive. |
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Term
| What are the 3 components of a medical diagnosis? |
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Definition
| patient's medical history (most important), examination of the patient, tests |
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Term
| 6 areas of the examination |
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Definition
| cranial nerves, motor system, sensory system, coordination and balance, visual fields, reflexes, cortical function |
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Term
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Definition
| labs, carotid doppler study, cerebral angiography, brain imaging. |
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Term
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Definition
| ultrasound of carotid arteries for blockaages at bifurcation |
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Term
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Definition
| dye injected into arterial vessels to detect blockages |
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Term
| Name 4 types of brain imaging |
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Definition
| computed tomography (CT), Magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI), Positron Emission Computed tomography, Single photon Emission Computer Tomography |
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Term
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Definition
| contrasts gray from white matter very well; non-radiation study |
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Term
| 1st step in medical treatment of a stroke |
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Definition
| Determine the type of stroke by using a CT scan or MRI. These help determine if it's a clot or a bleed, and the initial amount of potential damage to the brain. |
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Term
| Tissue plasminogen Activator (t-PA) |
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Definition
| used within 3 hours of an ischemic attack, known as a clot-buster (dissolves the clotted area); cannot be given to hemorrhage patients, patients with clotting problems, bleeding ulcers, very high blood pressure, or brain cancer. Aspirin and/or other antiplatelet medications cannot be taken with t-PA |
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Term
| Treatment of Hemorrhagic CVA |
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Definition
| Difficult to treat; efforts are made to control bleeding, reduce pressure in the brain & stablize viatal signs, especially blood pressure. Few meds available to stop bleeding, Meds given to reduce potential pressure on the brain; surgery may relieve blood collections or aneurysm, but not of mild to moderate bleeding. |
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