-phonetic

-phonemic

-morphemic

-syntactic

-semantic

-pragmatic

Phonetic- dysarthria and Broca's

Phonemic- Wernicke's and Conductiom

Morphemic- Broca's

Grammatic- Broca's

Semantic- Extra sylvian sensory and Wernicke's

Pragmatic- extrasylvian motor

-Phonetic deviations

-phonemic paraphasias

-verbal paraphasias

-syntagmatic paraphasias

-circumlocutions

-anaphors

-neologisms

-jargon

-agrammatism

-paragrammatism

a series of phonemes that are misproduced, particularly in broca's area

-Foreign accent in aphasia

Omissions: pencil-->pecil

Additions: pencil --> prencil

Displacements: pencil --> pelcin

Substitutions: pencil --> percil

Verbal Paraphasia:

Formal

Formal: word is replaced by another word that looks like the targeted word phonogically but are completely different e.g. cat --> can

Verbal Praphasias:

Morphemic

incorrectly assembled

e.g. summerly

-usually found in wernickes

Verbal Paraphasia:

Semantic

Semantic Paraphasia

-most frequent type of verbal paraphasia

-same semantic field like hand-> foot

-antonyms like small-->big

-superordinate words that are higher in the hierarchy such as cat--> animal

-environmental proximity: pencil-->paper

Syntagmatic Paraphasias

substitutions appear along more complex linguistic units

e.g. the aquarium of the fish--> the cage of the lion

replaces the word by the function

e.g. pencil--> for writing

e.g. i took it

but the person doesnt know what "it" is

a word that we dont know where it came from, it is made up

e.g. pencil--> cartin

well articulated language outputthat lacks meaning for the listener

 e.g. target phrase "I use a pencil for writing"

Phonemic: i ute a telcin vor liting

Semantic: i throw a glass for reading

Neologistic: i tro a plas por leti

-one of two distinctive features of Broca's aphasia

-it is a disruption of the grammatical structure of the language

e.g. the child is playing in the yard--> child play yard

-found in Wernicke's Aphasia

-Verbal output that violates the normative rules of morphosyntactic convention

1) overuse of grammatical words

2) Error in selecting grammatical words

3) Absence of defining limits of the sentences

e.g. The child is playing in the yard--> The, i mean one, is now on, there outside, taking something to play on that, over there

The ability to repeat represents one of the major elements in aphasia classification

Preserved repetition ability= extrasylvian aphasia

Impaired repetition ability= Perisylvian aphasia

-most common defect in aphasia

-all aphasic patients have impairments in naming however, specific characteristics of the naming defect can be different in different aphsia groups

Anomia

(definition 1)

-naming impairment or failure

-all aphasics present with anomia even though the deficit can be manifested in different ways

Anomia

(definition 2)

-difficulties in finding words associated with circumlocutions and semantic paraphasias

-sometimes observed in cases of temporal occipital damage

-observed in cases of frontal lesion, particularly when Broca's area, supplementary motor area and the area anterior and superior to Broca's are are involved

Word Production Anomia:

Prefrontal Anomia

naming difficulties because of fragmentation, perservation, "extravagant paraphasia"

Word Production Anomia:

Articulatory Initiation Anomia

-difficulty in initiating the word

-due to damage in the supplementary motor area

Word Production Anomia:

Articulatory Reduction Anomia

Word Production Anomia:

Phonemic Disintegration Anomia

Word Selection Anomia

-normal linguistic function 

-repetition is normal

-comprehension is nearly normal

-language defect is observed only in naming

-due to damage in the inferior portion of the left temporal lobe

-not only does the patient fail to name objects, but also fails to identify objects when the name is presented

-this is due to damage in the parietal-occipital area and angular gyrus damage

Elements corresponding to a specific category are more difficult to name than the elements corresponding to other categories

-color anomia

-autotopagnosia: naming body parts

-finger anomia: naming fingers

-averbia: naming actions

Inability to name objects when they are presented using a particular sensory modality

-the object can be recognized if presented using a different sensory modality

e.g the object cannot be named using visual perception but can be named using tactile perception (touch)