Term
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Definition
1.Greek-the state of a man who had run out of arguments
2.Acquired disorder of symbolic communication (language)
3.Associated with dysfunction of hemisphere dominant for language |
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Term
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Definition
1.Impaired language comprehension and expression due to acquired brain damage
2. Multimodality disorder (affects more than one area)
3. Language symptoms influenced by physiological inefficiency (tiring) and/or impaired cognition, but not a product of dementia, sensory loss, or motor impairments |
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Term
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Definition
| aphasia is a loss of linguistic knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
aphasia is an access problem (McNeil; prevailing theory)
support:
-Aphasia is transient (during TIAs, migraines, seizures)
-Co-existing impairments that affect linguistic symptoms (Attention deficits-caused by environment)
-Aphasic to normal continuum (Not qualitatively different from normal linguistic errors)
Stimulability of aphasic individuals
(Phonemic written cues, etc.)
-Variability of aphasic behavior (within a client)
-Inconsistent errors |
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Term
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Definition
| Aphasia typically occurs in the left hemisphere (95% of RH and 70% LH have left hemisphere language dominance) |
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Term
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Definition
Rare condition where opposite hemisphere is affected (i.e. right side lesion for right handed person)
*consider the prevalence of forced handedness change among older population |
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Term
| Relationship between aphasia and age |
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Definition
| Wernicke's patients tend to be 10-12 years older than those with non-fluent aphasia; average age-55 |
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Term
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Definition
| identified "speech anmesia" following brain damage; also termed "word memory" loss |
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Term
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Definition
-presented the case of Tan in 1865 (showed damage to BA44 on autopsy)
-work formed basis of localizing language to LH and separation of cognitive functions |
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Term
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Definition
-1874 described comprehension problems (receptive aphasia)
-IDed auditory comprehension area of the brain
-First model of processing to brain areas (realized connected between Broca's and Wernicke's) |
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Term
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Definition
-Published before Broca and first to suggest localization (5.1.1. “to localize the damage which destroys speech and to locate speech are two different things”)
-suggested emotional v. intellectual speech |
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Term
| Emotional/automatic speech |
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Definition
| non-propositional, singing Happy Birthday; usually spared in aphasia, suggesting RH storage |
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Term
| intellectual/controlled language |
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Definition
| propositional, conveying ideas and concepts; typical deficits seen in aphasia |
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Term
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Definition
wrote first book on aphasia (Aphasia and Kindred Disorders of Speech) in 1926, which addressed how other functions influence language
first researcher to look at grammar, to develop a battery of dx tests, to classify beyond expressive and receptive |
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Term
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Definition
| carotid and vertebrobasilar (both arise from aortic arch) |
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Term
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Definition
| supplies most of the cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
| innominate (brachiocephalic) artery |
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Definition
| comes directly off of aortic arch and splits in to right common carotid and right subclavian arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| comes off of apex of aortic arch and branches into the left subclavian artery |
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Term
| division of common carotid |
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Definition
| occurs below the angle of the mandible; each branches into external and internal carotid arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| enters skull via temporal bone and moves into subarachnoid space where it divides into anterior and middle cerebral arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| supplies occipital lobes and portions of the temporal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| first branches of subclavian arteries, which ascend into the foramen of the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae (C1-C6), then enter the subarachnoid space to pass through foramen magna |
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Term
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Definition
| formed at the lower level of the pons when the vertebral arteries united |
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Term
| Circle of Willis (structure) |
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Definition
located at the base of the brain surrounding the optic chiasm and pituitary stalk
R. anterior cerebral, R. internal carotid, R. posterior communicating, R posterior cerebral, L. posterior cerebral, L. posterior communicating, L. internal carotid, L. anterior cerebral, anterior communicating |
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Term
| Circle of Willis (function) |
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Definition
| connects the anterior and posterior cerebral blood systems and provides collateral circulation (blockage in one artery allows other arteries to take over); allows blood flow between the two hemispheres |
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Term
| Anterior Cerebral Arteries |
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Definition
| Serve the medial surface of hemisphere and superior border of frontal and parietal lobes, stroke here would likely cause transcortical motor aphasia |
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Term
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Definition
| Run along the lateral fissure and split into inferior and superior divisions; serve most lateral surfaces, superior and lateral portions of the temporal lobes, lateral surface of the frontal lobe and deep structures of the frontal and parietal lobes (perisylvian language zone); most common lesion site for affecting language |
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Term
| Middle Cerebral Arteries supplies |
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Definition
| motor speech areas, Wernicke's area, perisylvian language zone |
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Term
| lenticulostriate arteries |
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Definition
| branch of of MCA and supply basal ganglia and internal capsule (area that causes dysarthria) |
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Term
| Posterior Cerebral Arteries |
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Definition
| supply the occipital lobe and medial and inferior portion of the temporal lobes; branches into penetrating arteries that provide blood supply for the thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| border zone region between the ACA and MCA branches on the lateral surface of each hemisphere that is especially vulnerable to damage |
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Term
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Definition
| disruption of blood flow to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| facial drooping, slurred speech, weakness of paralysis on one side, confusion, severe headache accompanied by vomiting and dizziness (often signals hemorrhagic stroke) |
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Term
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Definition
| physical inactivity, TIAs, over 70, high cholesterol, depression (2-4x), male (30%), smoking, hypertension, obesity, ethnicity (AA and Latino-up, Asian-down), medications (decongestants, contraceptives), use of illegal drugs and alcohol, sleep apnea, diabetes (causes atherosclerosis), poor cardiac health, heredity, stress |
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Term
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Definition
| most likely to occur in first 30 days of life |
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Term
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Definition
| deficiency of blood, likely due to blockage causing cell death |
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Term
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Definition
| cell death forming a liquid cavity with surrounding scar tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| the occlusion or cause of ischemic stroke/blockage |
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Term
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Definition
| the resulting damaged brain tissue following ischemic stroke |
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Term
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Definition
| ischemic (87%), though not as high in children (55%) |
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Term
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Definition
| dead tissue that sustained irreversible damage (infarct site) |
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Term
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Definition
| area of vulnerable tissue around the core that is alive but functions improperly due to death of its communication site |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by build up of a clot within a cerebral vessel and associated with atherosclerosis, occurs most often in areas of bifurcation |
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Term
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Definition
| tx for thrombotic stroke where doctor goes in and cleans out blocked vessel, only done if 50% or more blockage because 10% of procedures result in stroke |
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Term
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Definition
| tx for thrombotic stroke; help strenghten and open artery walls |
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Term
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Definition
| clot builds up in a location other than the brain and then travels to the brain; typically originate in the heart and have abrupt onset |
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Term
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Definition
| stroke caused by clot of unknown origin |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation due to disease resulting in pressure that causes vessels to close and certain blood disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| blood vessel bursts open disrupting the blood brain barrier |
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Term
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Definition
| area of pooled blood that puts pressure on other structures |
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Term
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Definition
| narrowing of arteries that can cause either ischemic stroke due to blockage or hemorrhagic stroke due to bursting of weakened vessel walls |
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Term
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Definition
| often occurs at sites of bifurcation, can be clipped or sprayed with plastic in order to avoid bursting (hemorrhagic stroke) |
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Term
| intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke |
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Definition
| occuring within the brain tissue causes severe headache, vomiting, and loss of consciousness |
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Term
| treatment for intracerebral hemmorhage |
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Definition
| evacuation for large hemorrhages or treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs (steroids); the blood is toxic to brain tissue, so must be treated |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs within the meninges, not as common, but better outcome because blood doesn't touch the brain tissue |
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Term
| Transient Ischemic Attack |
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Definition
| brief ischemic disruption of blood flow with symptoms (same as full stroke) typically lasting less than an hour; typically embolic |
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Term
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Definition
| itsy bitsy stroke (lesions between .2 and 15 square mm); often show on MRI, but not CT and tend to affect small arteries serving deep brain structures |
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Term
| Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) |
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Definition
| cavernous angioma; cluster of vessels with weak walls associated with hemorrhagic stroke typically occuring in younger patients |
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Term
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Definition
| ischemic > hemorrhagic; worse survival with intracerebral; no reference to resulting disability |
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Term
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Definition
| clot dissolving drug that can be administered withing three hours of onset of ischemic stroke that reduces chance of long-term damage by 30%; available for limited population and cannot be given with extreme vascular blockage due to change of hemmorhage |
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Term
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Definition
| developed to save the penumbra from further damage; may eventually be able to expand the 3 hour window for tPA; slows the cascade of negative chemical events in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| an anti-opiate used to treat drug-induced strokes |
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Term
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Definition
| gradual onset of symptoms that can cause aphasia due to pressure causing blockage of cerebral arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| also called high grade (fast growing) astrocytoma with a 1-6 year survival rate (low grade has a better prognosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in oligodendrytes which produce myelin |
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Term
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Definition
| most common primary brain tumor across ages; benign tumor, most common in women between 30-55 |
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Term
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Definition
| can result in aphasia, but mostly results in cognitive communication problems; aphasia results from focal (often penetrating) injuries |
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Term
| Infection causing aphasia |
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Definition
| causes inflammation, which causes stroke; can cause neural tissue death; included vasculitis, encephalitis, meningitis, abscess |
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Term
| systematic lupus erythematosus |
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Definition
| autoimmune disease causing increased risk for infection and other complications |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 views: intellectual capacity is lost or that intelligence is modular and maintained following onset of symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| both languages recover in similar pattern and rate (possibly most common recovery patter) |
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Term
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Definition
| only one language recovers |
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Term
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Definition
| languages recover one after the other at different rates |
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Term
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Definition
| all language recover, but to different extents |
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Term
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Definition
| recovery of one language causes decline in ability for the other |
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Term
| confounding variables for approach to bilingual recovery |
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Definition
| type/severity of aphasia, treatment type, related languages?, language modality, learning/proficiency of each language, primary language/domains of use, available test |
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Term
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Definition
| can only translate in one direction, not in reverse |
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Term
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Definition
| may be a sign of cognitive inhibition as patient is not asked to translate |
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Term
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Definition
| cannot translate between languages even if use of each individually is intact |
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Term
| Defining language impairment for families |
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Definition
| difficulty changing ideas to symbols or understanding input symbols |
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Term
| defining phonology for families |
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Definition
| putting sounds together to create meaning |
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Term
| defining morphology for families |
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Definition
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Term
| defining syntax for families |
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Definition
| grammar or rules for forming sentences |
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Term
| defining semantics for families |
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Definition
| vocabulary and word meanings |
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Term
| defining pragmatics for families |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| contains Broca's area (inferior frontal gyrus of LH), which plays a role in language, motor speech, and working memory |
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Term
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Definition
| located on the medial surface of the frontal lobe and may impact language because of its role in initiation of motor activity |
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Term
| prefrontal association cortex (dorsolateral frontal cortex) |
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Definition
| plays a role in executive functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| contains Wernicke's area and insula |
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Term
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Definition
| auditory association area located in the posterior part of the superior and middle temporal gyri and plays a role in language |
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Term
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Definition
| (island of Reil) located deep to the temporal lobe and plays a role in language |
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Term
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Definition
| contains the supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus (supramarginal plus angular gyrus=inferior parietal lobule) |
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Term
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Definition
| curves around the posterior end of the lateral sylvian fissure and plays a role in language through writing |
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Term
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Definition
| directly posterior to the supramarginal gyrus and plays a role in reading |
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Term
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Definition
| visual association areas for complex vision and object perception; important for vision and therefore reading |
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Term
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Definition
| arcuate fasciculus (Broca's to Wernicke's) and superior longitudinal fasciculus (connects temporal and occipital lobes) |
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Term
| perisylvian language zone |
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Definition
| contains major neurologic components of language (in language dominant hemisphere) including Broca's, Wernicke's, supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, and major association tracts that connect other language centers |
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Term
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Definition
| basal forebrain, amygdaloid complex, septal region, substantia inominata, hippocampal gyrus, olfactory cortices, parahippocampal gyrus; mediates memory, drive, and emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| caudate, putamen, globus pallidus (claustrum) |
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Term
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Definition
| putamen and globus pallidus (associated with basal ganglia) |
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Term
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Definition
| plays a role in attention and memory |
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Term
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Definition
| part of thalamus that connects frontal and temporoparietal |
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Term
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Definition
| part of thalamus that connects frontal and parietal regions |
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Term
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Definition
| affects motor function but not directly involved in language |
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Term
| projection from posterior language areas |
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Definition
| projects to pulvinar and lateral posterior nuclei |
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Term
| connections of anterior language areas |
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Definition
| connects with centrum median and dorsomedial nuclei |
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Term
| subcortical white matter pathways |
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Definition
- mesial subcallosal fasciculus (fibers from mesial frontal cortex, SMA and ant. cingulate, to caudate nucleus) -> initiation of language and speech
- cortico-thalamic connections, thalamo-cortical connections
- cortico-striatal connections (between post. language cortex and head of caudate)
- striato-pallidal connections, pallido-thalamic connections (subcortical interconnections) |
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Term
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Definition
| projects to the frontal lobe from basal ganglia and affects initiation and motivation for speech and language; may produce more non-fluent profiles |
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Term
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Definition
| negatively affects language abilities even in healthy individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| may have a component to aphasic symptoms particularly lexical-semantic deficits; may improve anomia and memory deficits in Alzheimer's patients; may produce fluent profiles |
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Term
| right cerebellum connections |
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Definition
| reciprocal connections with Broca's area and left supplementary motor area (via thalamus) |
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Term
| cerebellum and linguistic functions |
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Definition
| no direct responsibility, but affects language through diaschisis phenomenon (reduced input from cerebello-ponto-thalama-cortical pathways |
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Term
| cerebellar contribution to language function |
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Definition
| word finding (lateral cerebellar areas during verbal fluency tasks); syntax production esp. grammatical morpheme use; syntax comprehension, may cause transcortical motor aphasia if right cerebellar stroke |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| unimodal association cortex |
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Definition
| distinguishes information type and begins to apply meaning to incoming information |
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Term
| heteromodal association cortex |
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Definition
| convergence of information from lower levels and more meaning is applied to incoming stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| Broca's area (mixed sensory):syntax, motor speech, working memory |
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Term
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Definition
| reading and writing (more complex?) |
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Term
| supramodal association cortex |
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Definition
| supports executive functioning (anterior frontal and anterior temporal); highly connected to other structures |
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Term
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Definition
| typically affects dominant hand, which affects writing and drawing |
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Term
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Definition
| motor speech problem due to muscle weakness, slowness, or incoordination affecting upper motor neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| uncommon due to bilateral innervation of articulators |
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Term
| right homonymous hemianopia |
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Definition
| visual field cut that tends to resolve, but may slow acute visual processing, especially immediately post trauma; compensate using vertical row of stimuli during dx |
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Term
| visual discrimination deficits |
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Definition
| difficulty discriminating details and the reason for use of black and white line drawings in testing |
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Term
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Definition
| deficits in sensation unilaterally, which can cause injury due to poor awareness of dangerous stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| emotional incontinence; poor control over emotion that often results in uncontrolled crying or laughing, which can be a disconnect between expressed emotion and internal feelings affecting up to 50% of stroke patients and often resolves over time; more common in patients with frontal and or basal ganglia damage, which results in poor executive functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to carry out desired action associated with dominant hemisphere damage |
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Term
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Definition
| difficulty imitating an action unless holding the object (cannon mime brushing teeth without holding a toothbrush) |
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Term
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Definition
| cannot imitate an action even when holding the object |
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Term
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Definition
| affect 25% of stroke patients and typically occur 6-9 months post |
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Term
| auditory comprehension problems |
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Definition
| impaired in all aphasics to some degree; aphasics tend to be good at faking comprehension through monitoring of contextual cues and nonverbal signals |
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Term
| information capacity deficit |
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Definition
| problems receiving and processing auditory information; deficits improved when shorter amounts of input or chunking |
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Term
| noise build-up, fatigue, or fading out |
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Definition
| occurs more quickly with complex tasks, causes the end of a tx session to be more difficult for the patient |
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Term
| slow rise time, fading in |
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Definition
| takes a patient awhile to get on task |
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Term
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Definition
| naming problems, poor word retrieval; all aphasics experience anomia to some degree |
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Term
| anterior temporal lesion and anomia |
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Definition
| affects auditory naming (verbal cue describing item "woof woof") |
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Term
| posterior temporal lesion and anomia |
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Definition
| problems naming items when seeing a picture |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| verbal or global paraphasia |
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Definition
| replacing target word with another real word |
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Term
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Definition
| substitute is within same category or semantically related to the target |
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Term
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Definition
| substitute has not connection to target |
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Term
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Definition
| a newly created nonword substitute for the target |
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Term
| phonemic (literal) paraphasia |
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Definition
| only some sounds in the substitute are in error; 50% of the word must be correct; may be a substitution, omission, or rearrangement of sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| speaking around the target without naming it |
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Term
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Definition
| a word or phrase used frequently as a substitution with no relation to the intended target |
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Term
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Definition
| a continuum of factors that affect how a person's speech sounds: phrase length, content/word type, syntactic status, paraphasias, prosody, articulatory agility, effort |
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Term
| elements of fluent speech |
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Definition
| normal phrase length, high # of functors (less substantives), diversity in grammatical structures, frequent paraphasias, good prosody and articulatory agility, low effort |
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Term
| elements of non-fluent speech |
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Definition
| reduced phrase length, high # of substantives (few functors), simplified grammar, few paraphasias, reduced prosody and articulatory agility, effortful |
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Term
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Definition
| content word; open class; nouns, verbs, etc.; carries meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| glue in phrases; closed class; auxiliary, pronouns, determiners, etc.; connects meaningful parts |
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Term
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Definition
| tested on all aphasia batteries and can help to determine which type of aphasia is present |
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Term
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Definition
| associated with fluent output, some errors, but attempt of a variety of grammatical structures |
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Term
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Definition
| associated with non-fluent output; errors present and more incomplete, simplified structures; more difficulty with verbs and nouns (usually); many problems with grammatical morphemes (omission/substitution)-auxiliary, past tense, plurals |
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Term
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Definition
| not necessarily related to grammar; entire output is devoid of meaning and typically cannot determine what is an attempt at grammatical structure; not just stereotypical utterances |
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Term
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Definition
| often parallel problems seen in auditory comprehension errors; rarely occur in isolation |
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Term
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Definition
| tends to be the most impaired modality and often resistant to recovery; errors tend to parallel those of spoken output (phonemic paraphasias-spelling errors) |
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Term
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Definition
| often more preserved than other modalities, but production and perception can be impaired; hindered by hemiparesis, visual problems, semantic breakdowns, limb apraxia |
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Term
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Definition
| tend to be an area of relative strength, people can "communicate" better than they can speak; often good at using contextual information to aid comprehension and production (faking it) |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively good comprehension (problems only seen in eval), converse fairly well, some word finding erros |
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Term
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Definition
| very conspicuous errors, obviously aphasic, noticeable word retrieval and grammar problems, pretty good comprehension |
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Term
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Definition
| very prominent comprehension and output problems in all modalities |
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