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| Series of essays promoting ratification of the Constitution, published anonymously by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison in 1787 and 1788 |
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| Constitutional Division of powers among the legislative, executive and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law and the judiciary interpreting the law. |
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| constitutional grant of powers that enables each of the tree branches of govt. to check some acts of the others and therefore ensure that no branch can dominate |
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| governance divided between the parties as when one holds the presidency and the other controls one or both houses of govt. |
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| election in which voters choose party nominees |
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| procedure whereby a certain number of voters may be petition, propose a law or constitutional amendment and have it submitted to the voters |
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| procedure for submitting to popular vote measures passed by the legislature or proposed by the amendments to a state constitution |
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| procedure for submitting to popular vote removal of the public officials from office before the end of the term |
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| the power of a court to refuse to enforce a law or govt. regulation that is the opinion of the judges conflicts with the U.S. constitution or in a state court the state constitution |
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| court order directing an official to perform an official duty |
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| formal accusation against the president or other public official; the first step in removal from office |
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| directive issued by a president or governor that has the force of law |
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| the power to keep executive communications confidential, especially if they relate to national security |
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| a decision by the president not to spend money appropriated by Congress; now prohibited under federal law |
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