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APG 203 Exam 1
Chapters 1 - 4
98
Anthropology
Undergraduate 1
02/24/2011

Additional Anthropology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Anthropology
Definition
-The study of the human species and its immediate ancestors.
-Study is holistic (past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture)
Term
Biological Anthropology
Definition
-Investigates human biological diversity across time and space.
Term
Cultural Anthropology
Definition
Study of human society and culture.
The sub-field that describes, analyzes, interprets and explains social and cultural similarities and differences.
Combines ethnography and ethnology.
Term
Archeology / Archaeological Anthropology
Definition
The study of human cultural diversity and variation in time and space through studying the remains of human societies.
Term
Linguistic Anthropology
Definition
The study of language in its social and cultural context across space and time.
Term
Applied Anthropology
Definition
The application of any of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and techniques to indentify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems
Term
holistic / holism
Definition
Interested in the whole of the human condition: past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture.
Term
Theory
Definition
Set of ideas formulated to explain something
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
Suggested but unverified explanations
Term
Ethnology
Definition
-Draws upon data collected by a series of researchers
-Comparative / Cross Cultural
Term
Ethnography
Definition
-Requires fieldwork to collect data
-Group / Community Specific
Term
4 Types of Adaptation
Definition
-Cultural adaptation
-Genetic adaptation
-Long-term physiological or developmental adaptation
-Immediate physiological adaptation
Term
Diachronic
Definition
Means over time
Term
synchronic
Definition
Means at one time
Term
Adaptation
Definition
Refers to the processes by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses
Term
Explain Anthropology as a Science
Definition
A systematic field of study that uses experiments, observations, and deduction to produce reliable explanations of phenomena
Term
Explain Anthro as a Humanity
Definition
The study and cross-cultural comparison of languages, texts, philosophies, arts, music’s, performances, and other forms of creative expression.
Term
Participant Observation
Definition
Means to take part in community study while participating in it.
Term
Cross Cultural
Definition
Comparing the customs of one society with that of another.
Term
Linton Definition of Culture
Definition
The sum of total ideas, conditioned emotional responses, and patterns of habitual behavior… acquired through instruction or imitation and shared to a greater or lesser degree
Term
Goodenough Definition of Culture
Definition
A society’s culture consists of whatever a person needs to know or believe in in order to operate in a manner acceptable to its members and to do so in any role that they accept for any one of themselves.
Term
Spradley and McCurdy Definition of Culture
Definition
The acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and generate social behavior
Term
Enculturation
Definition
The process by which a child learns his or her culture.
Term
Socially Acquired
Definition
The concept that we learn our culture through others.
Term
Why is culture considered integrated?
Definition
If you change one thing, many things change with it
Term
Why is culture considered a complex whole?
Definition
Norms, behaviors, cultural production, language, art, adaptations to the environment, and others all play into culture.
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
Tendency to view one’s own culture as superior and to use one’s own standards and values to judge others
Term
Cultural Relativism
Definition
The position that the values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect.
Term
Learned
Definition
Culture is learned through society by using symbols.
Term
Shared
Definition
Shared beliefs, values, memories, and expectations link people who grow up in the same culture
Term
Globalization
Definition
The accelerating interdependence of nations in a world system linked economically and through mass media and modern transportation systems.
Term
Agency
Definition
The actions of individuals, alone or in groups, that create and transform culture.
Term
Hominid
Definition
Any fossil or living human, chimp, or gorilla.
Term
Hominins
Definition
Hominids without the african apes.
All the human species that have ever existed.
Term
Maladaptive
Definition
Means threatening the groups continued existence.
Term
Acculturation
Definition
An exchange of cultural features between groups in firsthand contact.
Term
Diffusion
Definition
Borrowing of cultural traits between societies.
Term
Independent Invention
Definition
The independent development of a cultural feature in different societies
Term
Universality
Definition
Universal traits are ones that more or less distinguish Homo sapiens from other species
-i.e complex brain, incest taboo, similar way of thinking and processing
Term
Generalities
Definition
Regularities that occur in different times and places but not in all cultures
-i.e. Invention, Nuclear Family living together, Diffusion
Term
Particularities
Definition
Traits or features of culture not generalized or widespread
-i.e. Independent Invention
Term
Human Rights
Definition
Rights based on justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and regions.
Term
Cultural Rights
Definition
Rights vested in religious and ethnic minorities and indigenous societies.
Term
Culture
Definition
systems of human behavior and thought
Term
Tylor Definition of Culture
Definition
"Culture... is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society"
Term
Symbols
Definition
Signs that have no necessary or natural connection to the things they signify or for which they stand.
Term
Cultural Change Mechanisms
Definition
-Diffusion
-Acculturation
-Independent Invention
Term
Kinship / Kin Ties
Definition
Humans create life long ties with their children where as other primates disperse at adolescence
Term
Survey Research
Definition
-Anthropologists use surveys in larger scale societies.
-More impersonal than ethnography
Term
Franz Boas
Definition
-Father of four field American anthropology.
-Showed human biology was plastic (adaptable)
Term
Levels of Culture
Definition
-International
-National
-Subculture
Term
Subculture
Definition
Different cultural traditions associated with subgroups in the same nation.
Term
Functionalism
Definition
Approach focusing on role of socio-cultural practices in social systems.
Term
Historical Particularism
Definition
Histories are not compatible; diverse paths can lead to the same cultural result.
Term
Emic(s)
Definition
native-oriented approach investigates how natives think, categorize the word, express thoughts, and interpret stimuli.
Term
Etic(s)
Definition
science – oriented approach emphasizes the categories interpretations, and features that the anthropologist considers important.
Term
Ethnographic Techniques
Definition
-Direct observation (Participant Observation)
-Varying degrees of conversation
-The Genealogical Method
-Work with key consultants of the community
-In depth interviewing
-Discovery of local beliefs and perceptions
-Problem oriented research
-Longitudinal research - the cotinuous long term study of an area or site
-Team research - coordinated research by multiple ethnographers
Term
Bronislaw Malinowski
Definition
- Father of ethnography
- Salvaged ethnography by preserving cultures threatened by westernization
- His ethnographies were scientific accounts of unknown people and places
Term
Trobriand Argonauts of the Western Pacific
Definition
Book written by Bronislaw Malinowski
Term
Ethnographic Realism
Definition
The writer’s goal is to produce an accurate, objective, scientific account of the study community.
Rooted in research of that ethnographer
Term
Edward Tylor
Definition
Proposed unilinear evolutionism in a path in religion:
animism, polytheism, monotheism, and science.
Term
Edward Tylor
Definition
Proposed unilinear evolutionism in a path in religion:
animism, polytheism, monotheism, and science.
Term
Lewis Morgan
Definition
-Believed human society had evolved through savagery, barbarism, and civilization (unilinear evolutionism)
-Subdivided savagery and barbarism into three substages each: lower, middle, upper
Term
League of the Iroquois
Definition
First ever ethnography written by Lewis Morgan
Term
Unilinear evolutionism (Morgan vs. Tylor)
Definition
Tylor - animism, polytheism, monotheism, and science
Morgan - savagery, barbarism, and civilization
Term
Configurationalism
Definition
View of culture as integrated and patterned
Term
Multilinear Evolution
Definition
culture evolved along different lines
Term
Needs Functionalism
Definition
based on belief that humans had set of universal biological needs and customs, institutions filled these needs.
Term
Customs
Definition
function to preserve the social structure
Term
Manchester School
Definition
Examined how rebellion and conflict were regulated and dissipated, thus maintaining the system.
Term
Pangloss/Panglossian
Definition
Tendency to see things as functioning to maintain the system in the most optimal way possible
Term
Margaret Mead
Definition
-Student of Franz Boas
-Believed that human nature was plastic
-Believed that culture determines variation in human behavior
Term
Trait Complexes
Definition
Cultural traits that are related to one another
Term
Culture Area
Definition
Regions that cultural traits were shared within
Term
Superorganic
Definition
Superorganic is what we humans possess that other apes do not
Term
Symbolic Anthropology
Definition
study of symbols in their social and cultural context
Term
Interpretive Anthropology
Definition
Defined culture as ideas based on cultural learning and symbols (Geertz)
Term
Development Anthropology
Definition
Branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in, and the cultural dimension of, economic development
Term
Superstructure
Definition
Religion, ideology, play determined by structure and infrastructure
Term
Psychic Unity
Definition
Although individuals differ in their emotional and intellectual tendencies and capacities, all human populations have equivalent capacities for culture.
Term
Radcliffe - Brown
Definition
- Urged social anthropologists to focus on the role that particular practices play in the life of societies today. -Studied cultures as they were that day rather than over time.
Term
Periphery
Definition
Weakest structural and economic position in the world system.
Term
World System Theory
Definition
Idea that a discernible social system, based on wealth and power differentials, transcends individual country.
Term
Core
Definition
Dominant position in the world system; nations with advanced systems of production.
Term
Urban Anthropology
Definition
Anthropological study of cities and urban life.
Term
Education Anthropology
Definition
Study of students in the context of their family, peers, and enculturation.
Term
Medical Anthropology
Definition
The comparative, bio cultural study of disease, health problems, and health-care systems.
Term
Illness
Definition
A condition of poor health perceived or felt by an individual.
Term
Disease
Definition
A scientifically identified health threat caused by a known pathogen.
Term
health-care systems
Definition
Beliefs, customs, and specialists concerned with preventing and curing illness.
Term
Curer
Definition
One who diagnoses and treats illness.
Term
Scientific Medicine
Definition
A health-care system based on scientific knowledge and procedures.
Term
Cultural Brokers
Definition
Applied anthropologists have acted as "cultural brokers"by translating managers' goals or workers' concerns to the other group.
Term
Overinnovation
Definition
Trying to achieve too much change.
Term
Underdifferentiation
Definition
Seeing less-developed countries as all the same; ignoring cultural diversity.
Term
Emile Durkheim
Definition
-Considered father of anthropology and sociology
-Durkheim called for new social science to be based in the "conscience collectif"
Term
Biocultural
Definition
Combining biological and cultural approaches to a given problem.
Term
Levi-Strauss
Definition
claimed human minds have certain -Universal characteristics (mental structures), which originate in in common feature of Homo sapiens’ brain.
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