Term
| commercial energy sources increases |
|
Definition
| as countries have become more developed, demand for |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| countries with largest supplies of coal |
|
|
Term
| environmental costs associated with use of coal |
|
Definition
- particulates that are released into atmosphere when coal is burned
- degradation to land due to mining techniques
- trace metals found in coal
- transportation of coal from mine to power plant
|
|
|
Term
| gasoline for transportation |
|
Definition
| primary use of petroleum products |
|
|
Term
| environmental costs associated with natural gas |
|
Definition
- pipelines built through environmentally sensitive areas
- release of methane into atmosphere
- groundwater contamination
- degradation of land due to drilling techniques
|
|
|
Term
| environmental costs associated with CTL, liquified coal |
|
Definition
- large demad for water
- large demand for energy needed to process coal
- land degradation in US
- trace metals released during combustion of CTL
|
|
|
Term
| disadvantages of using nuclear energy |
|
Definition
- radioactive waste disposal
- reactor accidents
- possibility of using radioactive fues as weapons
- mining of uranium
|
|
|
Term
| premis of nuclear power plant |
|
Definition
| to use uranium pellets in fuel rods to generate heat while using control rods to prevent meltdown |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| public health issue related to use of nuclear energy |
|
|
Term
| present held idea of what best to do with radioactive waste from nuclear power plants |
|
Definition
| storing waste in geologically stable site away from human habitation |
|
|
Term
| straw, animal dung, charcoal, wood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| wind, solar, geothermal, hydroelectric |
|
Definition
| nondepletable energy resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy sources that can be regenerated easily, such as biomass |
|
|
Term
| potential deforestation and potenetial soil erosion |
|
Definition
| problems associated with use of trees for biomass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of biggest limitations to wide scale sue of geothermal energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form of energy production that can potentially compete with food sources for community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| country with highest % of electricity from wind power |
|
|
Term
| fuel to travel to turbine to maintain equipment |
|
Definition
| only fossil fuel input required for generation of electricity after wind turbines are installed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combined in working of fuel cells to produce water and electricity |
|
|
Term
| lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous, anthracite |
|
Definition
| order of grades of coal from lowest energy content to highest energy content |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| countries currently producing largest amounts of coal |
|
|
Term
- resources are relatively easy to exploit
- needs little refining
- easily transported
- plentiful
|
|
Definition
| reasons coal is so widely used |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| major petroleum producing countries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if ANWR yields projected peak amount of approximately 330million gallons of oil/year and the US uses roughly 110billion gallons of oil/year, what % of oil used would be provided by the ANWR? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reason Uranium-235 is considered ideal for nuclear reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most damaging nuclear power plant accident |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| countries with largest commercial uranium mining operations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- contaminated clothing
- tools used in plant maintenance
- rags used to clean water from reaction
- contaminated protective gear warn by workers
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sample of Uranium-235 has a half life of 700 million years, what fraction of parent material will remain after 2800 million years |
|
|
Term
| advantages from harnessing energy derived from nuclear fission |
|
Definition
- immense amount of heat generated
- minute source of raw material required for reaction
- no greenhouse gases emitted during energy production
- relatively small amounts of radioactive waste
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| order in which rock cycle operates |
|
|
Term
- granite-feldspar, mica, quartz
- basaltic-high concentrations of magnesium, iron, and calcium
|
|
Definition
| correct combination of igneous rock type and composition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fossils found from plants and animals found here |
|
|
Term
- by sediments deposited on ocean floor, in stream, or on lake bottom
- as result of compression by overlying sediments
|
|
Definition
| sedimentary rock formed by |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- have been subjected to high heat and pressure
- include marble and slate
|
|
|
Term
| difference between weathering and erosion |
|
Definition
| weathering refers to breakdown of rock; erosion refers to removal of rock from landscape |
|
|
Term
| both physical and chemical weathering |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
- sulfur dioxide and water vapor combine to create sulfuric acid
- sulfur and oxygen combine to create sulfur dioxide
|
|
Definition
| chemical reactions involved in creation of acid rain |
|
|
Term
| wind, water, gravity, burrowing animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parent material has high calcium carbonate content |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has potential to use half as much gasoline as internal combustion cars |
|
|
Term
- pumping acids into deep boreholes to disolve surrounding rock
- ground disturbance which enables air and water to react with other minerals in rock
- fragmentation of natural habitats
- acid mining drainage flowing over land
|
|
Definition
| environmental trade-offs of hybrid electric cars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| layer of soil that surface of earth is on top of |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| results in high temperature at center of earth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rock formations in sequences that match on opposite sides of Atlantic |
|
Definition
| Alfred Wegener's evidence for claiming that continents have not always been positioned where they are today |
|
|
Term
| Earth's lithosphere is divided into plates, which move |
|
Definition
| theory of plate tectonics |
|
|
Term
subduction, divergence, convergence, seafloor spreading |
|
Definition
| volcanoes formed at or near plate boundaries where this happens |
|
|
Term
| nuclear power plant programmed to shut down if ground movements above certain threshold occur |
|
Definition
| nuclear power plants in seismically active areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| % of worldwide pesticide use US accounts for |
|
|
Term
| target species has begun to evolve resistance |
|
Definition
| after many years of applying selective pesticide provironex, farmer notices applications seem less effective because ? |
|
|
Term
| nonpersistent insecticide |
|
Definition
| substance that kills invertebrates that feed on crops and breaks down relatively rapidly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changing genetic structure of agricultural products to improve traits |
|
|
Term
| Bt; Bacillus thuringiensis |
|
Definition
| some scientists want to genetically modify crops; possible strategy is insertion of __ gene from __ |
|
|
Term
| crop rotation, intercropping, planting herbicide resistant crops, habitat creation for pest predators |
|
Definition
| techniques used by integrated pest management (IPM) |
|
|
Term
| high-input industrial farming is not feasible because farmers lack financial resources |
|
Definition
| why IPM especially successful in developing countries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulates organic farming in US |
|
|
Term
| consumers must be willing to pay higher cost associated with organic products |
|
Definition
| in order for organic farmers to make profit |
|
|
Term
- introduction of new allergens into food supply
- loss of genetic biodiversity in food crops
|
|
Definition
| warned by critics of using genetically modified organisms as food crops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- chemicals highly effective due to ability to impair nerve transmission of insects
- heavy metals (mercury and lead) that pose threat to individuals when found in environment
|
|
|
Term
- damaging genetic material of cell
- interfering with normal metabolic processes of cell
|
|
Definition
| ways carcinogens cause damage to cells |
|
|
Term
| asbestos, formaldehyde, chemicals found in tobacco, radon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| teratogen used in 1950s-1960s to treat morning sickness |
|
|
Term
- DDT
- wastewater from animal-rearing facilities
- municipal wastewater
- Atrazine
|
|
Definition
| sources of endocrine disruptors in environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compound in plasted classified as endocrine disruptors |
|
|
Term
| dose-response, chronic, retrospective |
|
Definition
| studies conducted by scientists to assess risk of chemicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how old Earth approximately is |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| European continent and North America are moving away from each other at rate of 36mm/year. most closesly approximate how much further apart continents were in 2010 than when Columbus crossed Atlantic in 1492 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rare rock formation is found 300 km from matching formation. continent on which it is found is part of plate that's moving at rate of 36mm/year. most closely approximate how many years ago matching rocks were separated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| earthquake that measures 8.0 on Richter Scale is __ times stronger than earthquake that measures 5.0 |
|
|
Term
- magnitude on Richter Scale
- proximity of epicenter to densely populated areas
- quality of building construction close to earthquake zone
|
|
Definition
| damage earthquake causes predicted by |
|
|
Term
| possibly, if there are many peope living in area |
|
Definition
| could earthquake with maginitude of 5.9 on RS be more damaging than a 7.5? |
|
|
Term
| ash from Icelandic volcano |
|
Definition
| reason air travel across Atlantic was disrupted in spring 2010 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| geologist finds substance with unifrom crystalline structure and composition throughout. in lab, determined substance is more than 1 element. IDENTIFY |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| correct rock type with mode of origin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soils that develop between chemical and physical weathering of rock |
|
|
Term
| chemical weathering creates new substances |
|
Definition
| difference between chemical and physical weathering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rock weathers more rapidly because there are greater surfaces on which chemicals can work |
|
Definition
| when surface are of rock is increased |
|
|
Term
| chemical weathering because they produce weak acids |
|
Definition
| lichens very important in |
|
|
Term
| road building, logging, construction, agriculture |
|
Definition
| accelerates erosion of soil |
|
|
Term
- filter of water and atmospheric chemical compounds
- habitat for organisms
- anchor for plants
- location for recycling of organic matter
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soil is richest in humid tropics because of warm temperatures and high rain creating conditions most able to decompose organic matters |
|
Definition
| effect of temperature and rainfall on soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| order of physical size of sediment particles from largest to smallest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soild drains most rapidly when made of |
|
|
Term
| mix of sand, silt, and clay that promotes water drainage and retention |
|
Definition
| soil best for growing plants composed of |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each year in US > __ people become ill from household pesticides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| toxic chemical that kills fish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| example of persistent pesticide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance that kills invertebrates that feed on crops that remains in environment for long time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agency that sets pesticide tolerance levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agency that sets tolerance level specifying amount of toxic pesticide residue that can legally remain on crop when consumer eats it |
|
|
Term
| neurotoxins impair nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
- establish "No Idling" zones, require enhanced auto inspections
- retrofit gasoline pumps with sleeves to collect VOCs
|
|
Definition
| practices act to reduce vehicular exhaust in urban areas |
|
|
Term
- respiratory disease high above national average
- limited visibility-haze
|
|
Definition
| large urban areas that have problems associated with high levels of particulate pollution also have |
|
|
Term
- NOx emissions
- open burning
- sulfur content in fuel
- emissions from industrial smokestacks
|
|
Definition
| early air pollution legislation in US to control |
|
|
Term
- local businesses capitalize on new "clean" technologies
- establishment of local manufacturers of "clean" technologies
- creation of municipal fleet of electric cars and buses
- population increase in local areas
|
|
Definition
| possible economic benefits to legislation on air pollution |
|
|
Term
| Pb, SO2, NOx, CO, PM, and tropospheric O3 |
|
Definition
| 6 "criteria" air pollutants as specified under Clean Air Act |
|
|
Term
- respiratory irritant
- can adversely affect plant tissues
- results from combustion of coal and oil
- corrosive gas
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
- occurs as NO2 and NO gases
- occur as products of combustion in atmosphere
- motor vehicles and fossil fuel combustion primary anthropogenic sources
- they play role in production of photochemical smog
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secondary pollutant involved in photochemical smog |
|
|
Term
| result from transformation of primary pollutants |
|
Definition
| sulfates considered secondary pollutants because... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary component of smog that frequently exists in major metropolitan areas, such as Los Angeles, CA, is known as brown smog |
|
|
Term
- comprised aquatic systems
- lowered pH of lakes
- erosion of buildings and monuments made of marble
- erosion of paint on painted surfaces
|
|
Definition
| problem associated with acid deposition |
|
|
Term
- VOC emissions
- NOx emissions
|
|
Definition
| necessary to limit in order to control tropospheric ozone |
|
|
Term
- overall reduction in sulfur emissions in US
- companies can emit amounts of sulfur proportional to amounts they emitted prior to 1990
- companies can sell sulfur allowances that they do not use to other companies
- companies that emit quantities of sulfur above which they have allowances for must pay fine
|
|
Definition
| aspects of sulfur allowances as provided for Acid Rain Program of Clean Air Act include |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clean Skies Initiative proposed SO2 emissions reduction from 11 million tons in 2002 to 4.5 million tons in 2010. what was proposed reduction in emissions, assuming emissions were reduced at constant rate? |
|
|
Term
- permitting automobiles to be driven only every other day
- expanding public transportation networks
- carpool/high occupancy vehicle lanes on interstates
- charging user fees to use certain roads at certain times
|
|
Definition
| in order to reduce amount of ground-level pollutants (VOCs, NOx, CO, troposhpheric O3) municipalities around globe have instituted these |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| class of anthropogenic compounds responsible for breakdown of stratospheric ozone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protctive layer of oxygen and stratospheric ozone absorb over 99% of incoming... |
|
|
Term
- increased incidence of cancer
- increased incidence of cataracts
- reduction in photosynthetic activity in plants
- suppressed immune system
|
|
Definition
| problems associated with thinning ozone layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agreement that allowed for reduciton, and eventual elimination, of CFC production and use |
|
|
Term
- radioactive gas resulting from natural decay of uranium
- seeps into homes through cracks in foundation or soil
- effects can be reduced by simply increasing ventilation
- exists in igneous rock granite all around world
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CO2, ozone, methane, CFCs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increase in global population, which is also becoming increasingly affluent |
|
Definition
| phenomena major cause fo greenhouse gases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chief contributor to greenhouse gas emissions as well as increaseing environmental mobility of mercury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in cogeneration of greenhouse gases in troposphere will lead to decrease in heat radiated back in form of |
|
|
Term
| known as major ozone depleters |
|
Definition
| class of compounds known as CFCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| greatest overall contributor to greenhouse effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| greenhouse gas results from natural anaerobic processes typically associated with saturated soil conditions in wetlands |
|
|
Term
| raising livestock is one of largest anthropogenic sources |
|
Definition
| anthropogenic sources of methane production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fuels would release most CO2 in producing given amount of energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| created by UIN to monitor, understand, and estimate global impact of climate change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nation responsible for most CO2 emissions on annual basis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excluding wetlands, abundant, non-anthropogenic source of methae in atmosphere is from |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for majority of history of US, predominant fuel source has been (figure) |
|
|
Term
- its relative ease of extraction
- its relative ease of transportation
- use as transportation fuel
- relatively inexpensive cost
|
|
Definition
| use of petroleum as fuel rose dramatically due to (figure) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drop in use of coal as fule in 1940s corresponds to rise in use of (figure) |
|
|
Term
- manufacture of coal-burning power plants
- high net energy of coal
- abundance of coal in US
- relatively inexpensive cost of coal
|
|
Definition
| rise of use of coal from 1975-2000 can be explained by... |
|
|
Term
| coal, natural gas, petroleum |
|
Definition
| fossil fuels that pose risks to environment |
|
|
Term
| nuclear fuels, fossil fuels |
|
Definition
| nonrenewable energy sources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conventional fossil fuel energy sources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| capacity of power plant is 1000 MW and its capacity factor is .9; how much energy in MWH can power plant produce in one day? |
|
|
Term
| coal (highes number=most efficient) |
|
Definition
| EROEI for number of fuel sources given. which woudl be most efficient? (figure) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most significant contributor to modern "throw away society" |
|
|
Term
- socioeconomic status
- geographic location within country
- time of year
|
|
Definition
| factor affects amount of MSW generated by individuals |
|
|
Term
| their growing populations and mass production of consumer goods used in developed countries |
|
Definition
| best explains rise of MSW generated by individuals in developing countries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| major component of MSW in US |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from most desirable to least desirable, the 3 Rs stand for |
|
|
Term
- reduces effects on land from mining
- reduces effects of leaching in landfills
- reduces energy required to transport and process mixed ore
|
|
Definition
| environmental benefits of recycling aluminum |
|
|
Term
| plastic bottles can be recycled and used in production of different plastic products |
|
Definition
| best explains why recycling plastics is example of open-loop recycling |
|
|
Term
| there is not always market for recycled goods |
|
Definition
| one of greatest problems associated with recycling |
|
|
Term
| leachate can be at high temperature |
|
Definition
| least likely to be danger associated with leachate from sanitary landfill |
|
|
Term
- reduced volume of material ending up in landfill
- generation of rich organic fertilizer
- reduction in amount of methane generated in landfills
- reduced amount of energy needed to transport material to landfill
|
|
Definition
| environmental benefits of composting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| best soil to engineer sanitary landfill |
|
|
Term
| proximity of neighbors without resources to mount effective opposition |
|
Definition
| most ignored factor making landfill construction souce of considerable environmental justice |
|
|
Term
| be used in production of cement blocks and cement flooring |
|
Definition
| economic benefit of non-toxic fly ask production at waste incinerator is that ash may... |
|
|
Term
- cadmium ash
- environmental justice issues when determining site
- incomplete burning of all waste in incinerator
- required hazardous waste treatment of ash
|
|
Definition
| negative aspects of waste incineration |
|
|
Term
- dry cleaner fluid
- car batteries
- insecticides
- jet fuel
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) |
|
Definition
US legislation that:
- protects human health and environmental integrity by reducing hazardous waste
- is designed to track hazardous wast from procution to disposal (cradle to grave)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| US legislation imposes tax on targeted industrial facilities and then utilizes those funds to clean up selected abandoned hazardous waste sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| correctly identifies Superfund |
|
|
Term
- amount of energy needed to transport material to waste site
- amount of raw material needed to produce product
- tipping fees when disposing material
- toxic aspects of material once it becomes waste
|
|
Definition
| considered in life-cycle analysis |
|
|
Term
| Integrated Waste Management (IWM) |
|
Definition
| more holistic approach to handling large amount of waste generated in US, includes number of different strategies, as opposed to conventional landfill or incineration approach is use of... |
|
|
Term
- type of pollution preferred
- amount of tipping fees
|
|
Definition
| factors considered when determining whether to landfill MSW or incinerate it |
|
|
Term
- amount of suitable land available for citing
- release of methane gas into atmosphere
- potential for leaching of leachate
- reliance on fossil fuels for transporting waste
|
|
Definition
| environmental costs of relying on sanitary landfills for waste handling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| component of landfill that impeads water flow and can trap metal ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| component of landfill that is extracted and either used as fuel or burned off |
|
|
