Term
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Definition
| growth in which some quantity, such as population size or economic output, increases by a fixed percentage of the whole in a given time period. When plotted, the growth yields a shaoe like the letter J. |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with their non-living enviroment of matter and energy; study of the structure and functions of nature |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of how we and other species interact with one another and with the non-living environment. It is a study of how the parts of nature and human societies opperate and interact a study of connections and interactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| ecology, biology, chemistry, and geology |
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Term
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Definition
| biological scientists studying the relationships between living organisms and their environment |
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Term
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Definition
| scientists who use information from physical sciences and social sciences to 1. understand how the earth works, 2. learn how humans interact with the earth, and 3. develope solutions to environmental problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| all external conditions and factors, living and nonliving (chemicals and energry), that affect an organism or other specifies system during its lifetime |
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Term
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Definition
| scientists who in the 1970s created a multidisciplinary science to 1. investigate human impacts on the diversity of life found on the earth (biodiversity) and, 2. develop practical plans for proserving such biodiversity |
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Term
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Definition
| scientists who are concerned about the impact of people on environmental quality and believe that some human actions are degrading parts of the earths life support system for humans and many other forms of life |
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Term
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Definition
| concerned primarily with setting aside or protecting undisturbed natural areas for harmful human activities |
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Term
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Definition
| concerned with using ntural areas and wild life in ways that sustain them for current and future generations of human and other forms of life. |
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Term
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Definition
| devoted to the partial or complete restoration of natural areas that have been degraded by human activities |
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Term
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Definition
| solar energy from the sun reaching earth |
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Term
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Definition
| the earths natural materials and processes that sustain other species and us |
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Term
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Definition
| see natural resources (sorry im not gonna type it out again but apparently its the exact same as natural capital) |
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Term
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Definition
| to include direct sunlight and indirect forms of solar energy such as 1. windpower, 2. hydropower (energy from water) 3. biomass(direct solar energy converted to chemical energy sored in biological sources of energy such as wood) |
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Term
| environmentally sustainable society |
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Definition
| satisfies the basic need of its people without depleting or degrading its natural resources and thereby preventing current and future generations of humans and other species from meeting their basic needs |
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Term
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Definition
| growth in which a quantity increases by some fixed amount during each unit of time |
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Term
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Definition
| the time it takes (usually in years) for the quantity of something growing exponentially to double. It can be calculated by dividing the annual percentage growth rate into 70 |
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Term
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Definition
| doubling time (in years)= 70% groth rate |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in their capacity to provide goods and services for peoples final use. This increase is accomplished by populatin growth (more concumers and producers) more concuption per person or both |
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Term
GNP
(gross natural product) |
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Definition
| the market value in current $ of all goods and services produced with in and outside a country by the country's buisness during the year |
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Term
GDP
(gross domestic product) |
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Definition
| the market value in current $ of all goods and services produced with in a country during a year |
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Term
GWP
(gross world product) |
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Definition
| the market value in current $ of all goods and services produced in he world each year |
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Term
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Definition
| the gNP divided by the total population |
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Term
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Definition
| the improvement of living stansdards by economic growth. The UN classifies the world's countries as economically devloped or developing based on the degree of industrialization and per capita GNP |
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Term
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Definition
include usa, canada, japan, austrailia, new zealand, and all countries in europe.
Most are highly industrialized and have high averaged of per capita GNPs |
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Term
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Definition
| country has low to moderate industrialization and low o moderate per capita GNP. Most are located in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. |
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Term
| sustainable economis developement |
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Definition
| increasing the quantity of goods and services without depleting or degrading the quality of natural resources to unsistainable levels for current and future generations |
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Term
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Definition
| tje gap between per capita GNP of the rich, middle income, poor and acutely poor |
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Term
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Definition
| the broad process of global, social, economis, and environmental change that leads to an increasingly integrated world |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of the ecological impact of the 1. consumption of food, wood products, and other resources, 2. use of buildings, roads, garbage dumps, and 3. destruction of the forests needed to absorb CO2 produced by fossil fuels |
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Term
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Definition
| anything needed by an organism for normal maintanance, growtj, and reproduction. Examples include habitat, food, water, and shelter |
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Term
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Definition
| resources that pass through plants, economies, and other systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| anything obtained from the environment to meet human needs and wants. Examples include food, water, shelter etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| see renewable resource (sorry again) |
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Term
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Definition
| an essentially inexhaustble resource on a human time scale, solar energy is an example. |
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Term
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Definition
| economics, politics, and ethics |
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Term
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Definition
| resource that people are normally free to use; each user can deplete or degrade the available supply. Most are potentially renewable and are wned by no one. |
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Term
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Definition
| see common-property resource (and again im sorry) |
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Term
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Definition
| depletion or degredation of a potentially renewable resource to whichpeople have free and unmanaged access. |
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Term
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Definition
| highest rate at which a potentially renewable resource can be used without reducing its available supply throughout the world or in a particular area |
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Term
Environmental degredation
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Definition
| depletion or destruction of a potentially renewable resource such as soil, grassland, forest or wildlife that is used faster than it is naturally replenished. |
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Term
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Definition
| resource that exists in a fixed amount (stock) in various places in the earth’s crust and ha sthe potential of renewal only by geological, physical, and chemical processes taking place over hundreds of millions to billions of years. |
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Term
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Definition
| coal, oil, and natural gas that can not be recycled |
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Term
Metallic mineral resources
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Definition
| iron, copper and aluminum, which can be recycled |
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Term
Nonmetallic mineral resources
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Definition
| salt, clay, sand and phosphates, which usually are difficult or too costly to recycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| any hard, usually crystalline material that is formed naturally. |
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Term
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Definition
| when the costs of extracting and using what is left of a nonrenewable energy or mineral resource exceeds its economic value. |
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Term
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Definition
| collecting and reprocessing a resource into new products. |
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Term
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Definition
| involves using a resource over over and over in the same form. |
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Term
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Definition
| any addition to air, water, soil or food that threatens the health, survival, or activities of humand or other living organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| : where pollutants come from single, identifiable sources. |
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Term
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Definition
| where pollutants come from dispersed (and often difficult to identify) sources. |
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Term
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Definition
| reduces or eliminates the production of pollutants, often by using less harmful chemicals or process |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| : involves cleaning up pollutants after they have been produced. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| how people think the world works, what they think their role in the world should be, and what they believe is right and wrong environmental behavior (environmental ethics) |
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Term
Planetary management worldview
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Definition
| human beings, as the planet’s most important and dominant species, can and should manage the planet mostly for their own benefit. |
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Term
Environmental wisdom worldview
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Definition
| based on major beliefs that are the opposite of those on which the planetary management worldview is based on. |
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Term
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Definition
| survived by collecting edible wild plant parts, hunting, fishing, and scavenging meat from animals killed by other predators. |
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Term
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Definition
| involved a gradual move from nomadic hunter-gathering groups to settled agricultural communities in which people domesticated wild animals and cultivated wild plants. |
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Term
| Slash-and-burn cultivation |
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Definition
| cutting down trees and other vegetation in the forest leaving them to dry and then burning them. Ashes are left from that and add nutrition to the poor soils; crops are planted between tree stomps. |
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Term
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Definition
| clearing a plot of ground in the forest and planting crops on it for a few years until there are no nutrients in the soil or its been invaded by a vegetation. |
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Term
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Definition
| method of growing crops and raising livestock based on organic fertilizers soil conservation, water conservation, and minimal use of non-renewable fossil fuel energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| use of new sources of energy from fossil fuels, nuclear fuels, and new uses of technology to grow food and produce products. |
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Term
Information and globalization revolution
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Definition
| use of new technology such as telephone, radio, tv etc. to enable people to have increasingly rapid access to much more information on a global scale. |
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Term
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Definition
| when native Americans practiced hunting, gathering, burned and cleared fields and planted crops. |
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Term
Frontier environmental worldview
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Definition
| the way that Americans responded to a continent with abundant forest, wildlife, and rich soils. |
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Term
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Definition
he was alarmed at the loss of numerous wildlife species so he decided to build a cabin in the woods live there alone for 2 years and wrote Life In The Woods.
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Term
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Definition
| a scientist from Vermont published Man In Nature, which helped legislatures and influential citizens see the purposes for resource conservation. |
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Term
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Definition
| the turning point in establishing the responsibility of the federal government for protecting public lands from resource exploitation. |
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Term
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Definition
nature preservationist and activist founded the sierra club leader of the preservationist movement, advocating that large public areas should be protected from human intervention.
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Term
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Definition
| what john muir advocated. |
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Term
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Definition
| he was a ardent conservationist, term of office was cald ‘golden age of conservation’, accomplished many things while in office. |
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Term
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Definition
managed and protected the forest reserves
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Term
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Definition
the us forest service’s first chief
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Term
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Definition
| cutting trees, no faster than they could regenerate |
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Term
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Definition
| using the lands for a variety of purposes including resource extraction, recreation, and wildlife protection |
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Term
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Definition
| allowed the president to protect areas of scientific or historical intrest on federal lands as nationial monuments |
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Term
Conservationist (wise use)
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Definition
| a school led by Roosevelt; believed that all public lands should be used wisely and scientifically to provide needed resources. |
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Term
National Park Service Act
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Definition
| declared that the parks would we maintained in a manner that would leave them unimpaired for future generations and established the nationial park service to manage the system. |
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Term
|
Definition
a women that led public health improvements.
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a school led by john muir; believed that wilderness areas on public land should be left untouched |
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Term
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Definition
| a preservationist who said that the role of the human species should be to protect nature, not conquer it. |
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Term
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Definition
| former head of the sierra club and founder of both friends of the earth and earth island institute |
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Term
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Definition
| he strove to bring the country out of the great depression an addition to adding massive programs, designed to provived jobs and restore the environment |
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Term
Civilian conservation corps
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Definition
| established to put 2 million unemployed people to work by planting trees developing and mantaning parks and recreation areas restoring stilted water ways and etc. |
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Term
Tennessee valley authority
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Definition
| established to provided jobs replant forest and build dams for flood control and hydro electric power in the economicly depressed Tennessee valley |
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Term
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Definition
| established as part of the department of agriculture to correct the enourmes erosion problems that ruined many farms in the great plains states |
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Term
|
Definition
conversation service: the soil erosion service is now called this natural resource
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Rachel carson’s book which documented the pollution of air water and wild life from pesticies such as ddt. |
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Term
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Definition
| A growing number of citizens as the grass roots levels organized to demand that political leaders enact laws and develop policies. |
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Term
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Definition
| inspired by the vision of john muir. It authorized the government to protect and developed tracts of public land as part of the national wilderness system unless congress later decides they are needed for the national good. |
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Term
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Definition
his writings awaked people to the interlocking relationships between population growth resource use and pollution
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Spaceship earth environmental worldview
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Definition
| we had better take care of the earth because it is all we have. |
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Term
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Definition
| some 20 million people and a whole lot of communities take the streets to heighten awareness and to demand improvement in environmental qualities. 1970 april 20th |
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Term
Environmental protection agency
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Definition
| established by Richard nickson. In response to the rapidly growing environmental movement. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When the arab memebers of the OPEC reduced oil exports to the west banded oil shipments to the USA |
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Term
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Definition
| campaign against government regulation of the use of public land. It’s primary goal was to remove most public land in the western UN from federal ownership and mangenment and turn them over to the states. |
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Term
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Definition
| The president who presueded congress to create the department of energy , appointed a number of compitenet and experienced the administarator, consulted with the environmental leader etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| A long range energy startegie designed to reduce the country’s heavy dependence on imported oil |
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Term
Anti-environmental movement
|
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Definition
| founded by farmers and branchers and leaders of the oil, automobile mining timber industries who opposed many of the environmental laws and regulations developed in the 1960s and 70s |
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Term
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Definition
| a self declared sage brush reble an advocate of less federal control became president. |
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Term
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Definition
| became president in 1993 and promised to provide national and global environment leadership . DID A LOT |
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Term
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Definition
| a philosophy in which humans as part of nature have an ethical responsiblities to preserve wild nature |
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Term
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Definition
| attempt to discover order in nature in use that knowlege to make predictions about what should happen in nature |
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Term
|
Definition
| facts made by observations and measurements |
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Term
|
Definition
| it detects errors in measurement and conscious and unconscious bias investigators |
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Term
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Definition
| what scientists come up with for a particular problem, there are a variety of possible or tentative explanations |
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Term
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Definition
| an approximate representation or simulation of a system being studied |
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Term
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Definition
| an idea, principle, or model that usually ties together and explains many facts that oreveously appear to be unrelated |
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Term
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Definition
| tentative explanation that needs further evaluation |
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Term
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Definition
| a description of what we find happening in nature over and over in the same way without known exception |
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Term
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Definition
| how well a measurement agrees with accepted or correct value for that quantity |
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Term
|
Definition
| a measure of reproducibility or how closely a series of measurements of the same quantities agree with one another |
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Term
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Definition
| ways scientists gather data and formulate and test scientific hypotheses, models, theories, and laws |
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Term
|
Definition
| influence the parts or process of natures that scientists seek to understand |
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Term
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Definition
| a way scientists test a hypothesis about the effects of a particular variable |
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Term
|
Definition
| is done by setting up two groups, the experimental and control group |
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Term
|
Definition
| chosen variable is changed in a known way |
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Term
|
Definition
| chosen variable is not changed |
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Term
|
Definition
| used to test most new drugs |
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Term
|
Definition
| a harmless starch pill similar in shape, size, and color to the pill being tested |
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Term
|
Definition
| uses mathematical models run on high speed computers to analize the interactions of many variables without having carryout traditionial controlled experiments |
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Term
|
Definition
| involves using observations and measurement to arrive at generalizations or hypotheses |
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Term
|
Definition
| using logic to arrive at a specific conclusion based on a generalization or premise |
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Term
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Definition
| new scientific breakthroughs in disputes amongst scientists over the validity of untested data, hypotheses, and models. |
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Term
|
Definition
| data theories and laws that are widely accepted by scientists |
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Term
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Definition
| entegrates knowlege from a number of disciplines to help us understand how natural systems in human societies operate and interact |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of componants that function and interact in some regular and theoretical predictable manner and can be isolated for the purposes of observation and study |
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Term
|
Definition
| of things such as matter, energy, or information into the system |
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Term
|
Definition
| of matter, energy, or information within the system at certain rates |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| storage areas within a system where energy matter or information can accumulate for varies lengths of time before being released. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| certain forms of matter energy or information that flow out of the system into sinks in the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| these consists of one or more equations used to describe the behavior of a system and to make predictions about the behavior of a system |
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Term
|
Definition
| these occur when one change lead to some other change which eventually reinforces or slows the original change |
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Term
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Definition
| a run away cycle in which a change in a certain direction provides information that causes a system to change further in the same direction |
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Term
|
Definition
| loops that distabilize a system |
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Term
|
Definition
| one change leaves to a lessening of that change |
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Term
|
Definition
| the maintenance of favorable internal conditions despite fluctuations in external conditions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| happen between the input of a situmlise and a response to it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when too or more processes interact so that the combined affect if greater then the sun of their separate effects |
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Term
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Definition
| can result when two people work together to accomplish a task |
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Term
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Definition
| the sudden dying of large areas of forest after years of exposure to air and soil pollutants or rapid decline in the health of coral reef etc |
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Term
|
Definition
| abrupt shifts in a previously stable system when the sun environmental threshold is crossed |
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Term
|
Definition
| hurricanes, earth quakes, invasions of eco systems, nonnative species, sudden shifts in climate, or slowly building but so far unknown environmental problems |
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Term
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Definition
| anything that has mass and takes up space |
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Term
|
Definition
| the distinctive building blocks of matter that make up every material substance |
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Term
|
Definition
| two or more different elements held together in fixed proportions by chemical bonds |
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Term
|
Definition
| combination of one or more elements and compounds |
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Term
|
Definition
| the smallest unit of matter that is unique to a particular element |
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Term
|
Definition
| electrically charged atoms or combinations of atoms |
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Term
|
Definition
| combinations of two or more atoms by the same or different elements held together by chemical bonds |
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Term
|
Definition
| extermly small particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons- that make up the internal strucual atoms |
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Term
|
Definition
| positively charged subatomic particles |
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Term
|
Definition
uncharges subatomic particles
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Term
|
Definition
negatively charged subatomic particles
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Term
|
Definition
| the an extremely small center of an atom and contains protons and neutrons |
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Term
|
Definition
the number of protons in the nucleus of each of it’s atoms
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Term
|
Definition
the total number of neutrons and protons in it’s nucleus
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Term
|
Definition
varies forms of an element having the same atomic number but a different mass number.
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of a substance in a unit volume of air, water, or other medium |
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Term
|
Definition
a measure of the concentration of h+ in a water solution
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Term
|
Definition
a scale of 0 to 14 that measures the ph of acids and bases
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a short hand to show the number of atoms (or ions) of each type in a compound |
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Term
|
Definition
consists of a three dimensional array of oppositely charged ions
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Term
Covalent (molecular) compounds
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|
Definition
consist of molecules made up of uncharged atoms of hydrogen and oxygen.
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Term
|
Definition
forces of attraction between oppositely charge ions in an ionic compounds
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Term
|
Definition
the bonds between the atoms in a molecular compound
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Term
|
Definition
forces of attraction between the molecules of covalent compounds
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Term
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Definition
| containing carbon atoms combined with each other and with atoms of one or more other elements |
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Term
|
Definition
compounds of carbon and hydrogen atoms
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Term
|
Definition
compounds of carbon hydrogen and chlorine atoms (ddt)
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Term
|
Definition
compounds of carbon chlorine and fluorine atoms
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Term
|
Definition
certain types of compounds of carbon hydrogen and oxygen atoms
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Term
|
Definition
made by linking a number of simple carbohydrate molecules such as glucouse
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Term
|
Definition
| produced in cells by the linking of different sequences of about 20 different monomers |
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Term
|
Definition
sequence monomers in proteins whose number and sequence in each protein are specified by the genetic code found in DNA
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Term
|
Definition
| made by linking 100s to 1000s of five different types of monomers. (such as DNA and RNA) |
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Term
|
Definition
monomers located in nuclatic acids
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Term
|
Definition
consist of specific sequences of nucleotides in a dna model
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Term
|
Definition
the complete set of genetic information for an organism
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Term
|
Definition
when one or more of the nucleotide bases in a gene sequence are deleted, added, or replaced.
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Term
|
Definition
combinations of genes that make up a single dna molecule, together with a number of proteins
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Term
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Definition
compounds that don’t have carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds
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Term
|
Definition
a measure of how useful a form of matter is to us as a resource based on its availability and concentration
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Term
|
Definition
| organized, concentrated, usually found near the earths surface and has great potential for use as a matter resource |
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Term
|
Definition
disorganized, deluded, often deep under ground or dispersed into the ocean or the atmosphere and usually has little potential for use as a matter resource
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Term
|
Definition
a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system or its environment
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Term
|
Definition
the total amount of material needed to produce each unit of goods or services
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
the capacity to do work and transfer heat
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Term
|
Definition
the energy that mkatter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity
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Term
Electromagnetic radiation |
|
Definition
an example of kinetic energy, an energy in action or motion
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Term
|
Definition
radiation that has enough kinetic energy to knock electrons from atoms and change them to positively charged ions
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Term
|
Definition
radiation that does not contain enough kinetic energy to form ions
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Term
|
Definition
the total kinetic energy of all the moving atoms, ions, or molecules within a substance including the overall motion of the whole object
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Term
|
Definition
the average speed of a motion of the atom, ion, or molecule in a sample of matter at a given moment
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Term
|
Definition
stored energy that is potentially available for use
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Term
|
Definition
a measure of an energy source’s ability to do useful work
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Term
|
Definition
organized or concentrated and can perform much useful work
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Term
|
Definition
| disorganized or dispersed and has little ability to do useful work |
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Term
|
Definition
involves no change in chemical composition
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Term
|
Definition
the chemical composition of the elements or compounds that are altered
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Law of conservation of matter
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Definition
we may change various elements and compounds from one physical or chemical form to another but in no chemical and physical change can we create or destroy any of the atoms involved
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Term
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Definition
when an environment is heavily effected by pesticides and toxins
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Term
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Definition
determines how severe the harmful effets of a pollutant is
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
determines how long a pollutant stay in the air, water, soil, or body
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Term
Degradable (nonpersistent) pollutants
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Definition
broken down completely or reduced to acceptable leevls by natural ,physical, chemical, and biological processes
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Term
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Definition
complex chemical pollutants broken down into simpler chemicals by living organisms
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Term
Slowly degradable (persistent) pollutants |
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Definition
take decades or longer to degrade
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Term
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Definition
can not be broken down by natural processes
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Term
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Definition
occurs when nuclei of certain isotopes spontaneously change or are made to change into one or more different isotopes
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Term
Natural radioactive decay
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Definition
a nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously admit fast moving chunks of matter (particles), high energy radiation, or both at a fixed rate
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Term
Radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes)
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
a form of high energy electromagnetic radiation
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Term
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Definition
| fast moving, positively charged chunks of matter that consist of two protons and two neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
the time needed for one half of the nuclei in a radioisotope to decay and admit the radiation to form a different isotope
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Term
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Definition
mutation and dna molecules that alter genes and chromosomes
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Term
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Definition
tissues, which cause harm during the victums lifetime
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Term
Electromagnetic fields (emfs)
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Definition
low energy, nonionizing forms of electromagnetic radiation given off when an electric current passes through a wire or a motor
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Term
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Definition
uses radioactive, carbon-14 to estimate the age of plants, wood, teeth, bone, fossils, and other carbon-containg substances from dead plants and animals
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Term
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Definition
radioisotopes that are used in pollution detecting, agriculture, and industry
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Term
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Definition
using radioisotopes for diagnosis and treatment of various diseases
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Term
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Definition
a nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers re split apart into lighter nuclei when struck my neutrons; each fission releases 2 or 3 more neutrons and energy
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Term
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Definition
needed for efficient capture of neutrons
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Term
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Definition
multiple fissions within a critical mass
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Term
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Definition
a nuclear change in which 2 isotopes of light elements, such as hydrogen, are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus,releasing energy in the process
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Term
Law of conservation of energy energy |
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Definition
input always equals energy output
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Term
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Definition
see law of conservation energy
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Term
First law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
the amount of energy available that can perform useful work
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Term
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Definition
when energy is changed from one form to another, some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower quality, more dispersed, less useful energy
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Term
Second law of thermodynamics
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
a measure of how much useful work is accomplished by a particular inut of energy into a system
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Term
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Definition
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Term
High-throughput economies
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Definition
attempt to sustain every increasing economic growth by increasing the flow of matter and energy resources through their economic systems
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Term
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Definition
where pollutants and waste end up and can accumulate to harmful levels
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Term
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Definition
allows economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing excessive pollution and environmental degration
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Term
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Definition
shifting from an economy based on maximizing matter and energy flow to a more sustainable economy
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