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APES Chapter 1-3 vocab
the vocabulary of the first three chapters of Living In The Enviroment the twelfth edition by G. Tyler Miller Jr. for AP Environmental Science
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11th Grade
08/18/2010

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Term
exponential growth
Definition
growth in which some quantity, such as population size or economic output, increases by a fixed percentage of the whole in a given time period. When plotted, the growth yields a shaoe like the letter J.
Term
Ecology
Definition
Study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with their non-living enviroment of matter and energy; study of the structure and functions of nature
Term
Environmental science
Definition
Study of how we and other species interact with one another and with the non-living environment. It is a study of how the parts of nature and human societies opperate and interact a study of connections and interactions.
Term
Natural Science
Definition
ecology, biology, chemistry, and geology
Term
ecologists
Definition
biological scientists studying the relationships between living organisms and their environment
Term
environmental scientists
Definition
scientists who use information from physical sciences and social sciences to 1. understand how the earth works, 2. learn how humans interact with the earth, and 3. develope solutions to environmental problems.
Term
environment
Definition
all external conditions and factors, living and nonliving (chemicals and energry), that affect an organism or other specifies system during its lifetime
Term
conservation biologists
Definition
scientists who in the 1970s created a multidisciplinary science to 1. investigate human impacts on the diversity of life found on the earth (biodiversity) and, 2. develop practical plans for proserving such biodiversity
Term
environmentalists
Definition
scientists who are concerned about the impact of people on environmental quality and believe that some human actions are degrading parts of the earths life support system for humans and many other forms of life
Term
preservationists
Definition
concerned primarily with setting aside or protecting undisturbed natural areas for harmful human activities
Term
conservationists
Definition
concerned with using ntural areas and wild life in ways that sustain them for current and future generations of human and other forms of life.
Term
restorationists
Definition
devoted to the partial or complete restoration of natural areas that have been degraded by human activities
Term
solar capital
Definition
solar energy from the sun reaching earth
Term
natural resources
Definition
the earths natural materials and processes that sustain other species and us
Term
natural capital
Definition
see natural resources (sorry im not gonna type it out again but apparently its the exact same as natural capital)
Term
solar energy
Definition
to include direct sunlight and indirect forms of solar energy such as 1. windpower, 2. hydropower (energy from water) 3. biomass(direct solar energy converted to chemical energy sored in biological sources of energy such as wood)
Term
environmentally sustainable society
Definition
satisfies the basic need of its people without depleting or degrading its natural resources and thereby preventing current and future generations of humans and other species from meeting their basic needs
Term
linear growth
Definition
 growth in which a quantity increases by some fixed amount during each unit of time
Term
doubling time
Definition
the time it takes (usually in years) for the quantity of something growing exponentially to double. It can be calculated by dividing the annual percentage growth rate into 70
Term
rule of 70
Definition
doubling time (in years)= 70% groth rate
Term
economic growth
Definition
an increase in their capacity to provide goods and services for peoples final use. This increase is accomplished by populatin growth (more concumers and producers) more concuption per person or both
Term

GNP

(gross natural product)

Definition
the market value in current $ of all goods and services produced with in and outside a country by the country's buisness during the year
Term

GDP

(gross domestic product)

Definition
the market value in current $ of all goods and services produced with in a country during a year
Term

GWP

(gross world product)

Definition
the market value in current $ of all goods and services produced in he world each year
Term
per capita GNP
Definition
the gNP divided by the total population
Term
economis developement
Definition
the improvement of living stansdards by economic growth. The UN classifies the world's countries as economically devloped or developing based on the degree of industrialization and per capita GNP
Term
developed countries
Definition

include usa, canada, japan, austrailia, new zealand, and all countries in europe.

Most are highly industrialized and have high averaged of per capita GNPs

Term
developing countries
Definition
country has low to moderate industrialization and low o moderate per capita GNP. Most are located in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
Term
sustainable economis developement
Definition
increasing the quantity of goods and services without depleting or degrading the quality of natural resources to unsistainable levels for current and future generations
Term
wealth gap
Definition
tje gap between per capita GNP of the rich, middle income, poor and acutely poor
Term
globalization
Definition
the broad process of global, social, economis, and environmental change that leads to an increasingly integrated world
Term
ecological footprint
Definition
a measure of the ecological impact of the 1. consumption of food, wood products, and other resources, 2. use of buildings, roads, garbage dumps, and 3. destruction of the forests needed to absorb CO2 produced by fossil fuels
Term
ecological resource
Definition
anything needed by an organism for normal maintanance, growtj, and reproduction. Examples include habitat, food, water, and shelter
Term
flow resource
Definition
resources that pass through plants, economies, and other systems.
Term
economic resource
Definition
anything obtained from the environment to meet human needs and wants. Examples include food, water, shelter etc.
Term
perpetual resource
Definition
see renewable resource (sorry again)
Term
renewable resource
Definition
an essentially inexhaustble resource on a human time scale, solar energy is an example.
Term
social science
Definition
economics, politics, and ethics
Term
common-property resource
Definition
resource that people are normally free to use; each user can deplete or degrade the available supply. Most are potentially renewable and are wned by no one.
Term
free-acess resource
Definition
see common-property resource (and again im sorry)
Term
tragedy of the commons
Definition
depletion or degredation of a potentially renewable resource to whichpeople have free and unmanaged access.
Term
sustainable yield
Definition
highest rate at which a potentially renewable resource can be used without reducing its available supply throughout the world or in a particular area
Term

Environmental degredation

 

Definition
depletion or  destruction of a potentially renewable resource such as soil, grassland, forest or wildlife that is used faster than it is naturally replenished.
Term

Non-renewable resource

 

Definition
resource that exists in a fixed amount (stock) in various places in the earth’s crust and ha sthe potential of renewal only by geological, physical, and chemical processes taking place over hundreds of millions to billions of years.
Term
  Energy resources
Definition
coal, oil, and natural gas that can not be recycled
Term

Metallic mineral resources

 

Definition
iron, copper and aluminum, which can be recycled
Term

Nonmetallic mineral resources

 

Definition
salt, clay, sand and phosphates, which usually are difficult or too costly to recycle.
Term

Mineral

 

Definition
any hard, usually crystalline material that is formed naturally.
Term

Economically depleted

 

Definition
when the costs of extracting and using what is left  of a nonrenewable energy or mineral resource  exceeds its economic value.
Term

Recycling

 

Definition
collecting and reprocessing a resource into new products.
Term

Reuse

 

Definition
involves using a resource over over and over in the same form.
Term

Pollution

 

 

Definition
any addition to air, water, soil or food that threatens the health, survival, or activities of humand or other living organisms.
Term

Point sources

 

Definition
: where pollutants come from single, identifiable sources.
Term

Nonpoint sources

 

Definition
where pollutants come from dispersed (and often difficult to identify) sources.
Term

Pollution prevention

 

Definition
reduces or eliminates the production of pollutants, often by using less harmful chemicals or process
Term

Input pollution control

 

Definition
see pollution prevention
Term

Pollution cleanup

 

Definition
: involves cleaning up pollutants after they have been produced.
Term

Output pollution control

 

Definition
see pollution cleanup
Term

Environmental worldviews

 

Definition
how people think the world works, what they think their role in the world should be, and what they believe is right and wrong environmental behavior (environmental ethics)
Term

Planetary management worldview

 

 

Definition
human beings, as the planet’s most important and dominant species, can and should manage the planet mostly for their own benefit.
Term

Environmental wisdom worldview

 

Definition
based on major beliefs that are the opposite of those on which the planetary management worldview is based on.
Term

Hunter-gatherers

 

Definition
survived by collecting edible wild plant parts, hunting, fishing, and scavenging meat from animals killed by other predators.
Term

Agricultural revolution

 

 

Definition
involved a gradual move from nomadic hunter-gathering groups to settled agricultural communities in which people domesticated wild animals and cultivated wild plants.
Term
  Slash-and-burn cultivation
Definition
cutting down trees and other vegetation in the forest leaving them to dry and then burning them. Ashes are left from that and add nutrition to the poor soils; crops are planted between tree stomps.
Term

Shifting cultivation

 

Definition
clearing a plot of ground in the forest and planting crops on it for a few years until there are no nutrients in the soil or its been invaded by a vegetation.
Term

Sustainable cultivation

 

Definition
method of growing crops and raising livestock based on organic fertilizers soil conservation, water conservation, and minimal use of non-renewable fossil fuel energy.
Term

Industrial revolution

 

Definition
use of new sources of energy from fossil fuels, nuclear fuels, and new uses of technology to grow food and produce products.
Term

Information and globalization revolution

 

Definition
use of new technology such as telephone, radio, tv etc. to enable people to have increasingly rapid access to much more information on a global scale.
Term

Tribal era

 

Definition
when native Americans practiced hunting, gathering, burned and cleared fields and planted crops.
Term

Frontier environmental worldview

 

Definition
the way that Americans responded to a continent with abundant forest, wildlife, and rich soils.
Term

Henry Davis Thoreau

 

Definition

he was alarmed at the loss of numerous wildlife species so he decided to build a cabin in the woods live there alone for 2 years and wrote Life  In The Woods.

 

Term

George Perkins Marsh

 

 

Definition
a scientist from Vermont published Man In Nature, which helped legislatures and influential citizens see the purposes for resource conservation.
Term

Forest act of 1891

 

Definition
the turning point in establishing the responsibility of the federal government for protecting public lands from resource exploitation.
Term

John Muir

 

Definition

nature preservationist and activist founded the sierra club leader of the preservationist movement, advocating that large public areas should be protected from human intervention.

 

Term

Preservationist movement

 

Definition
what john muir advocated.
Term

Theodore Roosevelt

 

Definition
he was a ardent conservationist, term of office was cald ‘golden age of conservation’, accomplished many things while in office.
Term

U.S. Forest Service

 

Definition

managed and protected the forest reserves

 

Term

Gifford Pinchot

 

 

Definition

the us forest service’s first chief

 

Term

Sustainable Yield

 

 

Definition
cutting trees, no faster than they could regenerate
Term
  Multiple use
Definition
using the lands for a variety of purposes including resource extraction, recreation, and wildlife protection
Term
Antiquities Act
Definition
allowed the president to protect areas of scientific or historical intrest on federal lands as nationial monuments
Term

Conservationist (wise use)

 

 

Definition
a school led by Roosevelt; believed that all public lands should be used wisely and scientifically to provide needed resources.
Term

National Park Service Act

 

Definition
declared that the parks would we maintained in a manner that would leave them unimpaired for future generations and established the nationial park service to manage the system.
Term

Jane Addams

 

Definition

a women that led public health improvements.

 

Term

Alice Hamilton

 

Definition
see jane addams
Term

Preservationists

 

Definition
a school led by john muir; believed that wilderness areas on public land should be left untouched
Term

Aldo Leopold

 

Definition
a preservationist who said that the role of the human species should be to protect nature, not conquer it.
Term

David Brower

 

Definition
former head of the sierra club and founder of both friends of the earth and earth island institute
Term

Franklin D. Roosevelt

 

Definition
he strove to bring the country out of the great depression an addition to adding massive programs, designed to provived jobs and restore the environment
Term

Civilian conservation corps

 

Definition
established to put 2 million unemployed people to work by planting trees developing and mantaning parks and recreation areas restoring stilted water ways and etc.
Term

Tennessee valley authority

 

Definition
established to provided jobs replant forest and build dams for flood control and hydro electric power in the economicly depressed Tennessee valley
Term

Soil erosion service

 

Definition
established as part of the department of agriculture to correct the enourmes erosion problems that ruined many farms in the great plains states
Term

Natural resource

 

 

Definition
conversation service: the soil erosion service is now called this natural resource
Term

Rachel Carson

 

 

Definition
published silent spring
Term

Silent spring

 

Definition
Rachel carson’s book which documented the pollution of air water and wild life from pesticies such as ddt.
Term

Environmental movement

 

Definition
A growing number of citizens as the grass roots levels organized to demand that political leaders enact laws and develop policies.
Term

Wilderness act

 

Definition
inspired by the vision of john muir. It authorized the government to protect and developed tracts of public land as part of the national wilderness system unless congress later decides they are needed for the national good.
Term

Paul Ehrlich

 

Definition

his writings awaked people to the interlocking relationships between population growth resource use and pollution

 

Term

Garrett Hardin

 

 

Definition
see Paul Ehrlich
Term

Spaceship earth environmental worldview

 

Definition
we had better take care of the earth because it is all we have.
Term

Earth day 

 

 

Definition
some 20 million people and a whole lot of communities take the streets to heighten awareness and to demand improvement in environmental qualities. 1970 april 20th
Term

Environmental protection agency

 

Definition
established by Richard nickson. In response to the rapidly growing environmental movement.
Term

OPEC oil embargo

 

 

Definition
When the arab memebers of the OPEC reduced oil exports to the west banded oil shipments to the USA
Term

Sagebrush rebellion

 

Definition
campaign against government regulation of the use of public land. It’s primary goal was to remove most public land in the western UN from federal ownership and mangenment and turn them over to the states.
Term

Jimmy Carter

 

Definition
The president who presueded congress to create the department of energy , appointed a number of compitenet and experienced the administarator, consulted with the environmental leader etc.
Term

Department of energy

 

Definition
A long range energy startegie designed to reduce the country’s heavy dependence on imported oil
Term

Anti-environmental movement

 

Definition
founded by farmers and branchers and leaders of the oil, automobile mining timber industries who opposed many of the environmental laws and regulations developed in the 1960s and 70s
Term

Ronald Reagan

 

Definition
a self declared sage brush reble an advocate of less federal control became president.
Term

Bill Clinton

 

Definition
became president in 1993 and promised to provide national and global environment leadership . DID A LOT
Term

Land ethics

 

Definition
a philosophy in which humans as part of nature have an ethical responsiblities to preserve wild nature
Term
science
Definition
attempt to discover order in nature in use that knowlege to make predictions about what should happen in nature
Term
scientific data
Definition
facts made by observations and measurements
Term
reproducibility
Definition
it detects errors in measurement and conscious and unconscious bias investigators
Term
scientific hypotheses
Definition
what scientists come up with for a particular problem, there are a variety of possible or tentative explanations
Term
model
Definition
an approximate representation or simulation of a system being studied
Term
scientific theory
Definition
an idea, principle, or model that usually ties together and explains many facts that oreveously appear to be unrelated
Term
scientific hypothesis
Definition
tentative explanation that needs further evaluation
Term
scientific (natural) law
Definition
a description of what we find happening in nature over and over in the same way without known exception
Term
accuracy
Definition
how well a measurement agrees with accepted or correct value for that quantity
Term
precision
Definition
a measure of reproducibility or how closely a series of measurements of the same quantities agree with one another
Term
scientific methods
Definition
ways scientists gather data and formulate and test scientific hypotheses, models, theories, and laws
Term
variables (factors)
Definition
influence the parts or process of natures that scientists seek to understand
Term
controlled experiment
Definition
a way scientists test a hypothesis about the effects of a particular variable
Term
single variable analysis
Definition
is done by setting up two groups, the experimental and control group
Term
experimental group
Definition
chosen variable is changed in a known way
Term
control group
Definition
chosen variable is not changed
Term
double-blind experiment
Definition
used to test most new drugs
Term
placebo
Definition
a harmless starch pill similar in shape, size, and color to the pill being tested
Term
multivariable analysis
Definition
uses mathematical models run on high speed computers to analize the interactions of many variables without having carryout traditionial controlled experiments
Term
inductive reasoning
Definition
involves using observations and measurement to arrive at generalizations or hypotheses
Term
deductive reasoning
Definition
using logic to arrive at a specific conclusion based on a generalization or premise
Term
frontier science
Definition
new scientific breakthroughs in disputes amongst scientists over the validity of untested data, hypotheses, and models.
Term
consensus science
Definition
data theories and laws that are widely accepted by scientists
Term
environmental science
Definition
entegrates knowlege from a number of disciplines to help us understand how natural systems in human societies operate and interact
Term
system
Definition
a set of componants that function and interact in some regular and theoretical predictable manner and can be isolated for the purposes of observation and study
Term
inputs
Definition
of things such as matter, energy, or information into the system
Term
flows
Definition
of matter, energy, or information within the system at certain rates
Term
throughputs
Definition
see flows
Term

Stores   

 

Definition
storage areas within a system where energy matter or information can accumulate for varies lengths of time before being released.
Term

Storage areas  

 

Definition
same as stores
Term

Outputs     

 

Definition
certain forms of matter energy or information that flow out of the system into sinks in the environment 
Term

Mathematical Models

 

Definition
these consists of one or more equations used to describe the behavior of a system and to make predictions about the behavior of a system
Term
  Feedback loop    
Definition
these occur when one change lead to some other change which eventually reinforces or slows the original change
Term
  Positive feedback loop
Definition
a run away cycle in which a change in a certain direction provides information that causes a system to change further in the same direction
Term
Vicious circles       
Definition
loops that distabilize a system
Term
Negative feedback loop
Definition
one change leaves to a lessening of that change
Term

Homeostasis   

 

Definition
the maintenance of favorable internal conditions despite fluctuations in external conditions.
Term

Time delays   

 

Definition
happen between the input of a situmlise and a response to it.
Term

Synergistic interaction   

 

Definition
occurs when too or more processes interact so that the combined affect if greater then the sun of their separate effects
Term

Synergy

 

Definition
can result when two people work together to accomplish a task
Term

Environmental surprises    

 

Definition
the sudden dying of large areas of forest after years of exposure to air and soil pollutants or rapid decline in the health of coral reef etc
Term

Discontinuities

 

Definition
abrupt shifts in a previously stable system when the sun environmental threshold is crossed
Term

Caotic events

 

Definition
hurricanes, earth quakes, invasions of eco systems, nonnative species, sudden shifts in climate, or slowly building but so far unknown environmental problems
Term

Matter       

 

Definition
anything that has mass and takes up space
Term

Elements    

 

Definition
the distinctive building blocks of matter that make up every material substance
Term

Compounds

 

Definition
two or more different elements held together in fixed proportions by chemical bonds
Term

Mixtures    

 

Definition
combination of one or more elements and compounds
Term

Atoms

 

Definition
the smallest unit of matter that is unique to a particular element
Term
 

Ions

Definition
      electrically charged atoms or combinations of atoms
Term

Molecules 

 

Definition
       combinations of two or more atoms by the same or different elements held together by chemical bonds
Term

Subatomic particles      

 

Definition
extermly small particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons- that make up the internal strucual atoms
Term

Protons      

 

Definition
positively charged subatomic particles
Term

Neutrons   

 

Definition

uncharges subatomic particles

 

Term

Electrons   

Definition

negatively charged subatomic particles

 

Term
Nucleus    
Definition
the an extremely small center of an atom and contains protons and neutrons
Term

Atomic number      

 

Definition

the number of protons in the nucleus of each of it’s atoms

 

Term

Mass number

Definition

the total number of neutrons and protons in it’s nucleus

 

Term

Isotopes               

Definition

varies forms of an element having the same atomic number but a different mass number.

 

Term
Concentration
Definition
       the amount of a substance in a unit volume of air, water, or other medium
Term

Ph     

 

Definition

a measure of the concentration of h+ in a water solution

 

Term

Ph scale    

Definition

a scale of 0 to 14 that measures the ph of acids and bases

 

Term

Acids      

Definition

have a ph less the 7

 

Term

Bases       

Definition

ph greater then 7

 

Term
Chemical formula  
Definition
a short hand to show the number of atoms (or ions) of each type in a compound
Term

Ionic compounds         

 

Definition

consists of a three dimensional array of oppositely  charged ions


 

Term

Covalent (molecular) compounds      

Definition

consist of molecules made up of uncharged atoms of hydrogen and oxygen.

 

Term

Ionic bonds         

Definition

forces of attraction between oppositely charge ions in an ionic compounds

 

Term

Covalent bonds

Definition

the bonds between the atoms in a molecular compound

    

Term

Hydrogen bonds 

Definition

forces of attraction between the molecules of covalent compounds

 

Term
Organic compounds    
Definition
containing carbon atoms combined with each other and with atoms of one or more other elements
Term

Hydrocarbons       

 

Definition

compounds of carbon and hydrogen atoms

 

Term

Chlorinated hydrocarbons    

Definition

compounds of carbon hydrogen and chlorine atoms  (ddt)

 

Term

Chlorofluorocarbons

Definition

compounds of carbon chlorine and fluorine atoms

 

Term

Simple carbohydrates    

Definition

certain types of compounds of carbon hydrogen and oxygen atoms

 

Term

Complex carbohydrates     

Definition

made by linking a number of simple carbohydrate molecules such as glucouse

 

Term

Proteins      

Definition
produced in cells by the linking of different sequences  of about 20 different monomers
Term

Alpha-amino acids       

Definition

sequence monomers in proteins whose number and sequence in each protein are specified by the genetic code found in DNA

 

Term
Nucleic acids     
Definition
made by linking 100s to 1000s of five different types of monomers. (such as DNA and RNA)
Term

Nucleotides      

 

Definition

  monomers located in nuclatic acids

 

Term

Genes

Definition

consist of specific sequences of nucleotides in a dna model

 

Term

Genome     

Definition

the complete set of genetic information for an organism

 

Term

Gene mutations

Definition

when one or more of the nucleotide bases in a gene sequence are deleted, added, or replaced.

 

Term

Chromosomes     

Definition

combinations of genes that make up a single dna molecule, together with a number of proteins

 

 

Term

Inorganic compounds

Definition

 compounds that don’t have carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds

 

Term

Matter quality       

Definition

a measure of how useful a form of matter is to us as a resource based on its availability and concentration

 

Term
High-quality matter  
Definition
    organized, concentrated, usually found near the earths surface and has great potential for use as a matter resource
Term

Low-quality matter    

 

Definition

disorganized, deluded, often deep under ground or dispersed into the ocean or the atmosphere and usually has little potential for use as a matter resource

 

Term

Entropy

Definition

     a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system or its environment

 

Term

Material efficiency

Definition

    the total amount of material needed to produce each unit of goods or services

 

Term

Resource productivity

Definition

see entropy

 

Term

Energy

Definition

    the capacity to do work and transfer heat

 

Term

Kinetic energy 

Definition

  the energy that mkatter has because of its mass and its speed or velocity

 

Term

Electromagnetic radiation 

Definition

an example of kinetic energy, an energy in action or motion

 

Term

Ionizing radiation

Definition

radiation that has enough kinetic energy to knock electrons from atoms and change them to positively charged ions

 

Term

Nonionizing radiation

Definition

radiation that does not contain enough kinetic energy to form ions

 

Term

Heat

Definition

the total kinetic energy of all the moving atoms, ions, or molecules within a substance including the overall motion of the whole object

 

Term

Temperature 

Definition

the average speed of a motion of the atom, ion, or molecule in a sample of matter at a given moment

 

Term

Potential energy

Definition

stored energy that is potentially available for use

 

Term

Energy quality

Definition

a measure of an energy source’s ability to do useful work

 

Term

High-energy quality

Definition

organized or concentrated and can perform much useful work

 

Term
Low-quality energy
Definition
disorganized or dispersed and has little ability to do useful work
Term

Physical change           

 

Definition

involves no change in chemical composition

 

Term

 

Chemical change

Definition

            the chemical composition of the elements or compounds that are altered

 

Term

Chemical reactions 

Definition

see chemical change

 

Term

Law of conservation of matter

Definition

 we may change various elements and compounds from one physical or chemical form to another but in no chemical and physical change can we create or destroy any of the atoms involved

 

Term

Circle of poison

Definition

when an environment is heavily effected by pesticides and toxins

 

Term

 

Chemical nature

Definition

            determines how severe the harmful effets of a pollutant is

 

Term

Concentration

Definition

  see chemical nature           

 

Term

Persistence  

Definition

determines how long a pollutant stay in the air, water, soil, or body

 

Term

Degradable (nonpersistent) pollutants

Definition

 broken down completely or reduced to acceptable leevls by natural ,physical, chemical, and biological processes

 

Term

Biodegradable pollutants

Definition

 complex chemical pollutants broken down into simpler chemicals by living organisms

 

Term

 

Slowly degradable (persistent) pollutants

Definition

take decades or longer to degrade

 

Term

 

Nondegradable pollutants

Definition

can not be broken down by natural processes

 

Term

Nuclear change

Definition

occurs when nuclei of certain isotopes spontaneously change or are made to change into one or more different isotopes

 

Term

Natural radioactive decay

Definition

a nuclear change in which unstable isotopes spontaneously admit fast moving chunks of matter (particles), high energy radiation, or both at a fixed rate  

 

Term

Radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes)

Definition

unstable isotopes

 

Term

Gamma rays 

Definition

a form of high energy electromagnetic radiation

 

Term
Alpha particles
Definition
            fast moving, positively charged chunks of matter that consist of two protons and two neutrons
Term

Beta particles 

 

Definition

high speed electrons

 

Term

 

Half-life

Definition

            the time needed for one half of the nuclei in a radioisotope to decay and admit the radiation to form a different isotope

 

Term

Genetic damage 

 

Definition

          mutation and dna molecules that alter genes and chromosomes                       

 

Term

 

Somatic damage

Definition

tissues, which cause harm during the victums lifetime

 

Term

Electromagnetic fields (emfs)

Definition

low energy, nonionizing forms of electromagnetic radiation given off when an electric current passes through a wire or a motor

 

Term

Radiocarbon dating 

Definition

uses radioactive, carbon-14 to estimate the age of plants, wood, teeth, bone, fossils, and other carbon-containg substances from dead plants and animals

 

Term

Tracers

Definition

 radioisotopes that are used in pollution detecting, agriculture, and industry

 

Term

 

Nuclear medicine

Definition

using radioisotopes for diagnosis and treatment of various diseases

 

Term

 

nuclear fission

Definition

a nuclear change in which nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers re split apart into lighter nuclei when struck my neutrons; each fission releases 2 or 3 more neutrons and energy

 

Term

Critical mass

Definition

needed for efficient capture of neutrons

 

Term

Chain reaction

Definition

 multiple fissions within a critical mass

 

Term

Nuclear fusion  

Definition

a nuclear change in which 2 isotopes of light elements, such as hydrogen, are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus,releasing energy in the process

 

Term

Law of conservation of energy            energy

Definition

input always equals energy output

 

Term

First  law of energy  

Definition

see law of conservation energy

 

Term

First law of thermodynamics

Definition

 see first law of energy

 

Term
energy quality
Definition

the amount of energy available that can perform useful work

 

Term

Second law of energy

Definition

 when energy is changed from one form to another, some of the useful energy is always degraded to lower quality, more dispersed, less useful energy

 

Term

Second law of thermodynamics

Definition

 see second law of energy

 

Term

Energy efficiency

Definition

a measure of how much useful work is accomplished by a particular inut of energy into a system

 

Term

Energy productivity

Definition

see energy efficency

 

Term

High-throughput economies

Definition

attempt to sustain every increasing economic growth by increasing the flow of matter and energy resources through their economic systems

 

Term

Sinks

Definition

 where pollutants and waste end up and can accumulate to harmful levels

 

Term

Matter-recycling economy 

Definition

allows economic growth to continue without depleting matter resources or producing excessive pollution and environmental degration           

 

Term

Low-throuput economy

Definition

shifting from an economy based on maximizing matter and energy flow to a more sustainable economy

 

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