Term
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Definition
| The movement of people from rural to urban areas. Began when agricultural surpluses allowed people to leave their farms |
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Term
| Today, what % of to population is urban? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A smaller community that ring a city |
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Term
| What are the causes of urbanization? |
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Definition
-Cities too crowded, too much crime, people want to move away, where the is more space.
-No longer a need to be located near others because of improved transportation (highways/buses etc), and improved communications (internet) |
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Term
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Definition
| The spread of low-density urban or suburban development outward from an urban center |
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Term
| What are some causes of sprawl? |
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Definition
-Human population growth
-People want more space to live (higher per capita land consumption) |
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Term
| What are some problems with sprawl? |
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Definition
Transportation: people drive cars, which causes pollution and traffic jams
Health: people get hella lazy because they can just drive everywhere
Land use: more land for people means less land for nature
Economic costs: money must be spent on infrastructure |
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Term
| What was the first thorough plan for an American city? |
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Definition
| Daniel Burnham’s 1909 Plan of Chicago. It expanded city parks, playgrounds; streamlined traffic systems; removed industry and railroads from Lake Michigan |
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Term
| What is zoning? (in terms of city planning) |
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Definition
| The practice of classifying areas for different types of development and land use |
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Term
| What are Urban growth boundaries (UGBs)? |
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Definition
| Limits the government sets on how much a particular city/suburb can expand. This limits sprawl, and reduces infrastructure costs. On the other hand, UGBs increase housing prices and population density. |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of urban growth boundaries and other land use policies to control growth. "Build up, not out". |
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Term
| What are the principles of smart growth? |
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Definition
Mixed land uses
Compact building design
Range of housing opportunities and choices
Walkable neighborhoods
Distinctive, attractive neighborhoods
Preserve open space
Develop existing communities
A variety of transportation choices
Predictable development decisions
Community collaboration in development decisions |
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Term
| What is the aim of new urbanism? |
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Definition
To create neighborhoods with key structures accessible on a walkable scale.
Homes, businesses, and schools are close together |
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Term
| What is the aim of transit-oriented development? |
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Definition
| To create communities arrayed around stops on a major rail transit line |
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Term
| What is mass transportation? What are some problems with it? |
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Definition
Transporting hella people at once (buses, trains, rails, etc).
Implementing an effective mass transportation system is difficult because it is expensive to replace existing roads. Additionally, types of mass transit differ in their effectiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| strips of land that connect parks or neighborhoods |
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Term
| Why are highly urbanized cities considered resource sinks, and why is this bad? |
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Definition
| They are resource sinks because cities must import resources from long distances. Long distance transportation causes a lot of pollution. |
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Term
| Why are cities more "efficient" then suburbs? |
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Definition
| They are more densely populated, thus resources and infrastructure can be utilized more efficiently. |
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Term
| What are some benefits/drawbacks of an urbanized city? |
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Definition
ADVANTAGES:
More land outside cities is left undeveloped
Inspires innovation
DISADVANTAGES:
Cities export wastes and transfer the costs of activities to other regions |
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Term
| What do urban ecologists believe? |
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Definition
| cities can be viewed explicitly as ecosystems |
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Term
| How can we achieve urban sustainability? |
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Definition
Use resources efficiently
Recycle
Develop environmentally friendly technologies
Account fully for external costs
Offer tax incentives for sustainable practices
Use locally produced resources
Use organic waste and wastewater to restore soil fertility
Encourage urban agriculture |
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Term
| What problem did Portland, Oregon encounter? What did they do? |
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Definition
| Its population was growing too fast, and people were expanding and taking up too much space. In response, they set UGB (urban growth boundaries). |
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Term
| What is resource management? |
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Definition
the practice of harvesting potentially renewable resources in ways that do not deplete them
Effected by social, economic, and environmental factors |
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Term
| What is maximum sustainable yield? (in terms of resource management) |
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Definition
The maximum amount people can harvest without compromising the growth rate.
Populations grow most rapidly at an intermediate size, so when a population reaches intermediate size harvesters generally stop. |
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Term
| What is ecosystem-based management? |
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Definition
| Managing the harvesting of resources to minimize impact on the ecosystems and ecological processes |
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Term
| What is Adaptive management? |
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Definition
| Systematically testing different management approaches and aiming to improve methods |
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Term
| Forests cover over _____% of Earth’s land surface |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the difference between a primary forest and second-growth trees? |
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Definition
Primary forest = natural forest uncut by people
Second-growth trees = grown to partial maturity after old-growth timber has been cut |
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Term
| What are some groups/laws that protect forests from deforestation? |
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Definition
The National forest system is a system of forest reserves and public lands.
The U.S. Forest Service was established in 1905 to manage forests for the greater good. |
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Term
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Definition
| When all trees are completely cut |
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Term
| What is seed-tree cutting? |
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Definition
| A small number of seed-producing trees is left to repopulate |
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Term
| What is shelterwood cutting? |
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Definition
| A small number of trees are left to provide shelter for seedlings |
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Term
| What is selection system cutting? |
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Definition
| Only select trees are cut |
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Term
| What is the multiple use policy that the gov't has adopted? |
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Definition
| national forests were to be managed for recreation, habitat, minerals and other uses |
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Term
| What does the National Forest Management Act (1976) state? |
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Definition
| Mandated that plans for renewable resource management had to be drawn up for every national forest |
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Term
| What are prescribed (controlled) burns? |
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Definition
| burning areas of forests under carefully controlled conditions |
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Term
| What is the aim of the Healthy Forests Restoration Act (2003)? |
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Definition
| To promote removal of small trees, underbrush and dead trees |
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Term
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Definition
Removal of dead trees following a natural disturbance
Seems logical, but is really destructive. |
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Term
| What is a sustainable forestry certification? |
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Definition
| A certification corporations can put on their products if they produced them with careful consideration of the environment |
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Term
| Agriculture covers _______% of the Earths’ terrestrial surface |
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Definition
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Term
| What did the Conservation Reserve Program (1985) do? |
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Definition
| Subsidized farmers to take highly erodible land out of production. In other words, it told farmers to stop using wetland for crops and let them be natural habitats |
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Term
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Definition
| preserving areas with enormous, beautiful or unusual features, such as the Grand Canyon |
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Term
| What did the Antiquities Act of 1906 do? |
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Definition
| Said president can declare selected public lands as national monuments |
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Term
| What is the "wise-use movement"? |
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Definition
| A coalition of individuals and industries that oppose environmental protection. They think money > environment |
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Term
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Definition
| local or regional organizations that purchase land to protect it |
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Term
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Definition
| Areas protected on paper but not in reality |
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Term
| What is a transboundary park? |
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Definition
| an area of protected land overlapping national borders |
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Term
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Definition
| transboundary reserves that help ease tensions by acting as buffers between nations |
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Term
| What does SLOSS stand for? |
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Definition
| A Single Large Or Several Small reserves |
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