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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of one person to get another person to act in accordance with the first person's intentions |
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Definition
| Political authority conferred by law or by a state or national constitution |
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Definition
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Term
| Direct or Participatory Democracy |
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Definition
| A Government in which all or most citizens participate directly |
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Term
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Definition
| A government in which leaders make decisions by winning a competitive struggle for the popular vote |
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| Persons who share a disproportionate share of some valued resource, like money or power |
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Definition
| View that the government is dominated by capitalists |
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| View that the government is dominated by a few top leaders, most of whom are outside of government |
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| View that the government is dominated by appointed officials |
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| The belief that competition among all affected interests shapes public policy |
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Definition
| A human right based on nature or God |
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Term
| Articles of Confederation |
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Definition
| A week constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War |
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Term
| Constitutional Convention |
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Definition
| Meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution. |
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Term
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Definition
| A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes. |
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Definition
| Proposal to create a strong national government |
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Definition
| Proposal to create a weak national government |
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Definition
| Plan to have a popularly elected House based on state population and a state-selected Senate, with two members for each state |
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Definition
| A government in which elected officials make the decisions |
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Definition
| The power of the courts to declare a law unconstitutional |
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Definition
| Government authority shared by national and state governments |
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Definition
| Authority shared by three branches of government |
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Definition
| Powers given to the national government alone |
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Definition
| Powers given to the state government alone |
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Definition
| Powers shared by the state and national government |
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Definition
| Constitutional authority is shared by three different branches of government |
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Definition
| A group with a distinct political interest |
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| Those who favor stronger national government |
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| Those who favor a weaker federal government |
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Definition
| An order to produce an arrested person before a judge |
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Definition
| A law that declares a person, without a trial, to be guilty of a crime |
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Term
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| A law that makes an act criminal although the act was legal when it was committed |
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Term
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Definition
| The first ten amendments to the constitution |
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Term
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Definition
| A new provision in the Constitution that has been ratified by the states |
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Term
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Definition
| An executive's ability to block a particular provision of a bill passed by the legislature |
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Definition
| The effort to transfer responsibility for many public programs and services from the federal government to the states |
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Term
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Definition
| Money from the national government that states can sped within broad guidelines determined by Washington |
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Term
| "Necessary and Proper" Clause |
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Definition
| Section pf the Constitution allowing Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to its duties, and which has permitted Congress to exercise power not specifically given to it (enumerated) by the Constitution |
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Term
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Definition
| The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion violates the Constitution |
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Definition
| Doctrine holding that the national government is supreme in it's sphere, the states are supreme in theirs, and the two spheres should be kept separate |
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Term
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Definition
| State power to enact laws promoting health, safety and morals |
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Term
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Definition
| Process that enables voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot |
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Term
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Definition
| Procedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislature |
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Term
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Definition
| Procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office |
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Term
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Definition
| Money given by the national government to the states |
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Term
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Definition
| Federal grants for specific purposes, such as building an airport |
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Term
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Definition
| Federal sharing of a fixed percentage of its revenue with the states |
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Term
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Definition
| Terms set by the national government that states must meet if they are to receive certain federal funds |
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Term
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Definition
| Terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants |
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Term
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Definition
| A coherent way of thinking about how politics and government ought to be carried out. |
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Term
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Definition
| A belief that one has an obligation to participate in civic and political affairs |
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Term
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Definition
| A belief that one can affect government policies |
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Term
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Definition
| A belief that you are a member of an economic group whose interests are opposed to people in other such groups |
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Definition
| A belief that morality and religion ought to be of decisive importance |
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Term
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Definition
| A belief that personal freedom and solving problems are more important than religion |
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Term
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Definition
| A belief that you can take part in politics (internal efficacy) or that the government will respond to the citizenry (external efficacy) |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to understand and take part in politics |
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Term
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Definition
| The willingness of the state to respond to the citizenry |
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Term
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Definition
| Denies the government the right, without due process to deprive people of life, liberty, and property |
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Term
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Definition
| A standard of equal treatment that must be observed by the government |
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Term
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Definition
| Court cases that apply Bill of Rights to states |
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Term
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Definition
| Right of people to speak, publish, and assemble |
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Definition
| People shall be set free to exercise their religion, and government may not establish a religion |
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Term
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Definition
| Censorship of a publication |
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Term
| Clear-And-Present-Danger Test |
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Definition
| Law should not punish speech unless there was a clear and present danger of producing harmful actions |
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Term
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Definition
| Writing that falsely injures another person |
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Term
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Definition
| An act that conveys a political message |
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Definition
| First Amendment requirement that law cannot prevent free exercise of religion |
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Term
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Definition
| First Amendment ban on laws "respecting an establishment of religion" |
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Term
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Definition
| Court Ruling that government cannot be involved with religion |
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Term
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Definition
| Improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial |
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Term
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Definition
| A judge's order authorizing a search |
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Term
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Definition
| Reasonable cause for issuing a search warrant or making an arrest; more than mere suspicion |
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Term
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Definition
| An error in gathering evidence sufficiently minor that it may be used in a trial |
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Term
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Definition
| Racial Segregation that is required by law. |
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Term
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Definition
| Racial segregation that occurs in schools, not as a result of the law, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement |
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Term
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Definition
| The rights of people to be treated without unreasonable or unconstitutional differences |
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Term
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Definition
| Classifications of people on the basis of their race or ethnicity |
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Term
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Definition
| A Supreme Court test to see of a law denies equal protection because it does not serve a compelling state interest and is not narrowly tailored to achieve that goal |
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Term
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Definition
| Opposing a law one considers unjust by peacefully disobeying it and accepting the resultant punishment |
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Term
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Definition
| Programs designed to increase minority participation in some institution by taking positive steps to appoint more minority-group members |
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Term
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Definition
| Making certain that people achieve the same result |
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Term
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Definition
| Using race or sex to give preferential treatment to some people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Giving People an equal chance to succeed |
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Term
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Definition
| How people think or feel about particular things |
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Term
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Definition
| A survey of public opinion |
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Term
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Definition
| Method of selecting from a population if which each person has an equal probability of being selected |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference between the results of random samples taken at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| Polls based on interviews conducted on election day with randomly selected voters |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which background traits influence one's political views |
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Term
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Definition
| Difference in political views between men and women |
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Term
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Definition
| A more or less consistent set of beliefs about what policies government ought to pursue |
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Term
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Definition
| Persons with a disproportionate share of political power |
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Term
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Definition
| A standard of right or proper conduct |
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Term
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Definition
| Citizens who are eligible to vote after reaching the minimum age requirement |
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Term
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Definition
| People who are registered to vote |
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Term
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Definition
| a requirement that citizens pass a literacy test in order to register to vote |
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Term
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Definition
| A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they ore their ancestors had voted before 1867 |
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Term
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Definition
| The practice of keeping blacks from voting in the southern states' primaries through arbitrary use of registration requirements and intimidation |
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Term
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Definition
| A government-printed ballot of uniform dimensions to be cast in secret that many states adopted around 1890 to reduce voting fraud associated with party-printed ballots cast in public |
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Term
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Definition
| People who tend to participate in all forms of politics |
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Term
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Definition
| A group that seeks to elect candidates for public office |
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Term
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Definition
| Republican party faction of the 1890s to the 1910s, composed of reformers who opposed patronage |
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Term
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Definition
| Periods when a major, lasting shift occurs in the popular coalition supporting on or both parties |
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Term
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Definition
| Voting for candidates of different parties for various offices in the same election |
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Term
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Definition
| Voting for candidates who are all of the same party |
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Term
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Definition
| A ballot listing all the candidates of a given office under the name of that office |
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Term
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Definition
| A ballot listing all candidates of a given party together under the name of that party |
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Term
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Definition
| A meeting of party delegates held every four years |
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Term
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Definition
| Delegates who run part affairs between national conventions |
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Term
| Congressional Campaign Committee |
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Definition
| A party committee in Congress that provides funds to members and would-be-members |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Party leaders and elected officials who become delegates to the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses |
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Term
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Definition
| A party organization that recruits members by dispensing patronage |
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Term
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Definition
| A party that values principled standards on issues above all else |
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Term
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Definition
| The social rewards that lead people to join political organizations |
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Term
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Definition
| a local or state political party that is largely supported by another organization in the community |
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Term
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Definition
| The political support provided to a candidate on the basis of personal popularity and networks |
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Term
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Definition
| An electoral system consisting of two national parties competing in elections |
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Term
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Definition
| An electoral system in which the winner is the person who gets the most votes |
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Term
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Definition
| A meeting of party members to select delegates backing on or another primary candidate |
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Term
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Definition
| The person already holding an elective office |
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Term
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Definition
| The alleged tendency of candidates to win more votes in an election because of the presence at the top of the ticket of a better known candidate, such as the president |
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Term
| Political Action Committee |
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Definition
| A committee set up by the corporation, labor union, or interest group that raises and spends campaign money from voluntary donations |
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Term
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Definition
| Drawing the boundaries of legislative districts so that they are unequal in population |
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Term
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Definition
| Drawing the boundaries of legislative districts in bizarre or unusual shapes to favor one party |
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in the votes congressional candidates usually get when they first run for reelection |
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Term
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Definition
| An issue about which the public is divided and rival candidates or political parties adopt different policy positions. |
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Term
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Definition
| An issue about which the public is united and rival candidates or political parties adopt similar positions in hopes that each will be thought to best represent those widely shared beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
| An election held to chose which candidate will hold office |
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Term
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Definition
| An election held to chose candidates for office |
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Term
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Definition
| A primary election in which voting is limited to already registered party members |
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Term
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Definition
| A primary election in which voters may chose in which party to vote as they enter the polling place |
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Term
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Definition
| A primary election in which each voter may vote for candidates from both parties |
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Term
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Definition
| A second primary election held when no candidate wins a majority of the votes in the first primary |
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Term
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Definition
| Spending by political action committees, corps, or labor unions that is done to help a party or candidate but is done independently of them |
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Term
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Definition
| Funds obtained by political parties that are spent on party activities, such as get-out-the-vote drives, but not on behalf of a specific candidate |
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Term
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Definition
| Organizations that, under section 527 of the Internal Revenue Code, raise and spend money to advance political causes |
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Definition
| Voting for a candidate because you favor his or her ideas for handling issues |
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Term
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Definition
| Voting for a candidate because you like his or her past actions in office |
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Term
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Definition
| An organization of people sharing a common interest or goal that seeks to influence the making of public policy |
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Term
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Definition
| Something of value one cannot get without joining an organization |
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Term
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Definition
| The social rewards that lead people to join political organizations |
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Term
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Definition
| Money or things valued in monetary terms |
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Term
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Definition
| A benefit that comes from serving a cause or principle |
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Term
| Ideological Interest Groups |
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Definition
| Political organizations that attract members be appealing to their political convictions or principles |
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Term
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Definition
| A political organization whose goals will principally benefit nonmembers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A widely shared demand for change in some aspect of the social or political order |
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Term
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Definition
| A signal telling a legislator what values are at stake in a vote, and how that issue fits into his or her political views on party agenda |
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Term
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Definition
| Assessments of a representative's voting record on issues important to an interest group |
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Term
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Definition
| Series, or log, of discussion items on a page of the World Wide Web |
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Term
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Definition
| A radio or video clip of someone speaking. |
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Term
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Definition
| An FCC rule that if a broadcaster sells time to one candidate, it must sell equal time to other candidates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Information leaked to the media to test public reaction to a possible policy |
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Term
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Definition
| Words that imply a value judgment, used to persuade a reader without having made a serious arguement |
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Term
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Definition
| Media stories about events that are regularly covered by reporters |
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Term
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Definition
| media stories about events that are not regularly covered by reporters |
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Term
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Definition
| Media stories about events which are not usually made public |
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Term
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Definition
| Paying attention only to those news stories with which one already agrees |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency of the national media to be suspicious of officials and eager to reveal unflattering stories about them |
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Term
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Definition
| A public official's statement to a reporter that is given on condition that the official not be named |
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Term
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Definition
| A lawmaking body made up of two chambers or parts |
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Term
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Definition
| An attempt to defeat a bill in the Senate by talking indefinitely, thus preventing the Senate from taking action to the bill. |
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Term
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Definition
| Political districts in which candidates elected to the House win in close elections, typically less than 55% of the vote |
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Term
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Definition
| Districts in which incumbents win by margins of 55% or more. |
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Term
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Definition
| An alliance between Republicans and conservative Democrats. |
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Term
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Definition
| The legislative leader elected by party members holding the majority of seats in the House or the Senate. |
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Term
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Definition
| The legislative leader elected by party members holding a minority of seats in the House or in the Senate. |
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Term
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Definition
| A senator or representative who helps the party leader stay informed about what the party members are thinking. |
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Term
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Definition
| A vote in which a majority of Democratic legislatures oppose a majority of Republican legislatures. |
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Term
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Definition
| An association of Congress members created to advance a political ideology or a regional, ethnic, or economic interest. |
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Term
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Definition
| Permanently established legislative committees that consider and are responsible for legislation within a certain subject area. |
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Term
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Definition
| Congressional committees appointed for a limited time and purpose. |
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Term
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Definition
| Committees on which both senators and representatives serve. |
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Term
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Definition
| A joint committee appointed to resolve differences in the Senate and House versions of the same bill. |
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Term
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Definition
| A legislative bill that deals with matters of general concern. |
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Term
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Definition
| A legislative bill that deals only with specific, private, personal, or local matters. |
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Term
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Definition
| An expression of opinion either in the House or Senate to settle procedural matters in either body. |
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Term
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Definition
| An expression of opinion without the force of law that requires the approval of both the House and the Senate but not the president. |
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Term
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Definition
| A formal expression of congressional opinion that must be approved by both houses of Congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president. |
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Term
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Definition
| A congressional process whereby a bill may be referred to several committees. |
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Term
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Definition
| A congressional process by which a Speaker may send a bill to a second committee after the first is finished acting. |
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Term
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Definition
| A device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had the bill for thirty days, may petition to have it brought to the floor. |
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Term
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Definition
| An order from the House Rules Committee that sets a time limit on debate; forbids a bill from being amended on the floor. |
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Term
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Definition
| An order from the House Rules Committee that permits a bill to be amended on the floor. |
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Term
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Definition
| An order from the House Rules Committee that permits certain kinds of amendments by not others to be made into a bill on the floor. |
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Term
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Definition
| A roll call in either house of Congress to see whether the minimum number of representatives required to conduct business is present |
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Term
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Definition
| A roll call in either house of Congress to see whether the minimum number of representatives required to conduct business is present. |
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Term
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Definition
| A rule used by the Senate to end or limit a debate. |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure to keep the Senate going during a filibuster in which the disputed bill is shelved temporarily so that the Senate can get on with other business. |
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Term
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Definition
| A congressional voting procedure in which members shout "yea" in approval or "nay" in disapproval, permitting members to vote quickly or anonymously on bills. |
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Term
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Definition
| A congressional voting procedure in which members stand and are counted. |
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Term
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Definition
| A congressional voting procedure in which members pass between two tellers, the "yeas" first and the "nays" second. |
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Term
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Definition
| A congressional voting procedure that consists of members answering "yea" or "nay" to their names. |
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Term
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Definition
| Legislation that gives tangible benefits to constituents in several districts or states in the hope of winning their votes in return. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of members to mail letters to their constituents free of charge by substituting their facsimile signature for postage. |
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