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| at base of brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing |
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| the "little brain" attache to the rear of the brainstem; helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance |
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| nerve network in brainstem that plays an important part in controlling arousal |
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| located on top of the brainstem; directs messages to sensory receiving areas in the cortex & transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla |
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| structure lying below thalamus; directs several maintenance activies (eating, drinking, body temp.), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, AND is linked to emotion |
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| components of the limbic system; linked to emotion |
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| located in limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage |
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| covers the cerebral hempisheres; body's ultimate control and information-processing center |
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| controls right side of body |
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| controls left side of body |
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| connects the 2 brain hemispheres and carries messages between them |
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| areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather they are invovled in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking and speaking |
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| portion of cerebral cortex lying just behind forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements |
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| area of frontal lobe (usually in left hemisphere); directs the muscle movements involved in speech |
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| involved in language composition and expression; usually in left temporal lobe |
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| area @ rear of the frontal lobes; controls voluntary movements |
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| portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; includes the sensory cortex |
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| area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body sensations |
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| includes the visual areas, whihc receive visual information from the opposite visual field |
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| lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each which receives auditory informationprimarily from the opposite ear |
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| the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secret hormones into the bloodstream |
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| a pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. secrete the hormones epinephrine an norepinephrine, which help arouse the body in times of stress |
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| rootlike parts of the cell that stretch out from the cell body(soma); grow to MAKE synaptic connections |
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| contains the nucleus and other parts of the cell |
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| wirelike structure ending in the terminal buttons that extends from the cell body |
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| a fatty covering around the axon of some neurons that speeds neural impulses |
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| contains neurotransmitters |
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| the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. |
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| part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. its sympathetic division arouses & its parasympathetic division calms |
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| tissue destruction. a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue |
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| a rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore relevant information |
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| friedman and rosenman's term for competitive, harddriving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people |
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| friendman and rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people |
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| type of subjective validation in which a person finds personal meaning in statements that could apply to many people. |
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| contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to freud, strives to satisfy basi sexual and aggressive drives. the ID operates the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratificaiton; "I WANT IT NOW" |
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| conscious "executive" part of personality; operates on the REALITY principle; satisfies the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain |
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| the part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement and for future aspirations |
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| CARL JUNG'S concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history |
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| according to FRUED, a boy's sexual desires towards his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father |
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| a sense of one's "true" indentity and personal worth; "who am i?" |
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| according to MASLOW, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self esteem is acheived; the motivtion to fulfill one's potential |
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| the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety; repression, denial, displacement, projection, reaction formation, regression, rationalization, intellectualization, sublimation |
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perspective: psychoanalytic
who? key concepts? roots of personality? |
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| frued, psychosexual stages, unconscious |
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perspective: humanistic
who? key concepts? roots of personality? |
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| rogers & maslow, free will self-actualization, subjective feelings about self |
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perspective: trait
who? key concepts? roots of personality? |
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| costa & mccrae, big five & factor analysis, established patterns of behavior |
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perspective: sociocognitive
who? key concepts? roots of personality? |
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| bandura, triadic recprocality, ways of thinking |
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Definition
1. oral (birth to 18 months)
2. anal stage (18 months to 3 years)
3. phallic stage (3 years to 6 years)
4. latency stage (6 years to puberty)
5. genital stage (puberty on) |
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| mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations |
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| one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood |
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| crystallized intelligence |
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| one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age |
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| an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. "proper" behavior |
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| gardner's "types of intelligences" |
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| kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, verbal, spatial and mathematical |
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| an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the reseach staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have recieved the treatment of placebo----LIKE IN GREY'S ANATOMY WHEN DEREK AND MEREDITH DO THAT FOR THEIR ALZHEIMER'S PROJECT |
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| a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders |
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| an anxiety disorder characterized by anxiety in situations where it is perceived to be difficult or embarrassing to escape. |
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| persistent and irrational fear of situations that may involve scrutiny or judgment by others, such as parties and other social events. |
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| gernalized anxiety disorder |
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| anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal |
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| anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long epsiode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accomplanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations |
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| dissociative identity disorder |
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| a rare dissociative disorder in whcih a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities |
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| type (or subtype) of schizophrenia that includes extremes of behavior. |
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| in which the patient has false beliefs (delusions) that somebody or some people are plotting against them or members of their family. |
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| psychological disoder characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning |
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| narcisstic personality disorder |
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| condition in which people have an inflated sense of self-importance and an extreme preoccupation with themselves. |
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| paraphilia or psychosexual disorder |
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| psychosexual disorder marked by sexual urges, fantasies, and behavior involving objects, suffering or humiliation, or children or other nonconsenting partners |
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| the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships |
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| according to FREUD, the remembered story line of a dream |
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| a HUMANISTIC THERAPY, developed by CARL ROGERS; uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate client's growth |
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| therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions |
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| operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior |
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| empathtic listening in which the listener echoes, restates and clarifies |
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| occurs when one's beliefe about others leads one to act in ways that induce others to appear to confirm the belief |
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| foot-in-the-door phenomenon |
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| the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request |
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| shared goals that override differences among people and requre their consequences |
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| cognitive dissonance theory |
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| the theory that we act to reduce discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent |
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| a readiness to perceive oneself favorably |
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