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| Theory of multiple intelligences |
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- Often called the father of modern educational psychology
- Animal research
- Trial-and-error theory of learning
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Weber–Fechner law
the study of a stimuli inducing feelings
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her work is not without its own controversies, such the extent to which early attachment styles. contribute to later behavior, her observations have inspired an enormous body of research on the early childhood attachment.
Development of the "Strange Situation" assessment |
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- Studies of the human psyche.
- Dream analysis
- The collective unconscious
- Archetypes
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- The Conscious and Unconscious Mind
- The Id, Ego, and Surperego
- Life and Death Instincts
- Psychosexual Development
- Defense Mechanisms
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- Drive reduction theory
- Behaviorism
- Research on hypnosis
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| Had a terrible accident where part of brain was injured and was not able to feel feelings after that. |
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| Rational emotive behavior therapy |
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- Triarchic theory of intelligence
- Triangular theory of love
- Theory of cognitive styles
- Research on creativity
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Two Factory Theory of Emotion-
In a 1962 experiment, Schachter and Singer put their theory to the test. A group of 184 male participants were injected with epinephrine, a hormone that produces arousal including increased heartbeat, trembling, and rapid breathing. All of the participants were told that they were being injected with a new drug to test their eyesight. However, one group of participants was informed the possible side-effects that the injection might cause while the other group of participants were not. |
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- Often called one of the founding fathers of personality psychology
- Trait Therory of personality
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| The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion is a physiological explanation of emotion developed by Walter Cannon and Philip Bard. Cannon-Bard theory states that we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling and muscle tension simultaneously. |
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| discoveries into how the brain processes visual stimuli. |
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| The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale |
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| one of the main areas of the cerebral cortexresponsible for producing language. |
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- anguage Comprehension
- Semantic Processing
- Language Recognition
- Language Interpretation
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| The Rorschach inkblot test is a type of projective psychological testcreated in 1921 |
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- The milgram Obedience Experiment
- Familiar Stranger
- The Small World Experiment
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- Hieracrhy of Needs
- Founder of Humanistic Psychology
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The "Little Albert" experiment was a famous psychology experiment conducted by behaviorist John B. Watsonand graduate student Rosalie Raynor. Previously, Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlovhad conducted experiments demonstrating the conditioning process in dogs. Watson was interested in taking Pavlov's research further to show that emotional reactions could be classically conditioned in people.
The participant in the experiment was a child that Watson and Rayner called "Albert B.", but is known popularly today as Little Albert. Around the age of nine months, Watson and Rayner exposed the child to a series of stimuli including a white rat, a rabbit, a monkey, masks and burning newspapers and observed the boy's reactions. The boy initially showed no fear of any of the objects he was shown.
The next time Albert was exposed the rat, Watson made a loud noise by hitting a metal pipe with a hammer. Naturally, the child began to cry after hearing the loud noise. After repeatedly pairing the white rat with the loud noise, Albert began to cry simply after seeing the rat. |
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the attachment theory
Instinct theory of motivation |
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| Social isolation experiments with rhesus monkeys |
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| Solomon Asch is considered a pioneer of social psychology and Gestalt psychology. His conformity experiments demonstrated the power of social influence and still serve as a source of inspiration for social psychology researchers today. Asch also supervised Stanley Milgram'sPh.D. at Harvard University and inspired Milgram's own highly influential research on obedience. While Asch's work illustrated how peer pressure influences social behavior (often in negative ways), Asch believed that people tend to behave decently towards each other. |
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| is credited with the creation of the theory of generative grammer, often considered to be the most significant contribution to the field of theoretical linguisticsin the 20th century. He is also credited with the establishment of the so-called Chomsky hierachy, a classification of formal languagesin terms of their generative power. |
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| He is generally acknowledged as a founder of experimental psychologyand cognitive psychology. |
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| Famous for his work with children and his theory of cognitive development. |
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| known for his use of antropometryin the development of his categories of somatoypes. |
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| Kohlberg's work reflected and extended his predecessor's ideas, at the same time creating a new field within psychology: "moral development". |
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| inventor of the first usable intelligence test, the basis of today's IQ test. |
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| was a Danish-German-American developmental psycholgistand psychoanalystknown for his theory on social development of human beings. He may be most famous for coining the phrase idenity crisis. |
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| He is best known as the inventor of the Stanford-Binet IQ test. |
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| was a German psychologist who pioneered experimental study of memory, and discovered the forgetting curveand the spacing effect. He was also the first person to describe the learning curve. |
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| As an investigator of the human mind, he founded psychometrics(the science of measuring mental faculties) and differential psychology(the branch of psychology that concerns itself with psychological differences between people, rather than on common traits) |
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| was an American linguist. Whorf, along with Edward Sapir, is best known for having laid the foundation of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. |
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| was an Austrainmedical doctorand psycholgist, founder of the school of indvidual psychology. |
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| is a Canadian-born American psychologistmost famous for his work on social learning theory(or Social Cognitivism) and self efficacy. He is particularly noted for the Bobo doll experiment. |
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| was an American psychologistwho established the psychological school of behaviorism, after doing research on animal behavior. He also conducted the controversial "Little Albert" experiment. |
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| was an influential American psychologistand among the founders of the Humanistic approachto psychology. Rogers is widely considered to be one of the founding fathers of psychotherapy research. |
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| was an American psychologistand author. He conducted pioneering work on experimental psychologyand advocated behaviorism, which seeks to understand behavior as a function of environmental histories of reinforcement. He also wrote a number of controversial works in which he proposed the widespread use of psychological behavior modificationtechniques, primarily operant conditioning, in order to improve societyand increase human happiness, as a form of social engineering. |
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| is an American psychologist, best-known for his Stanford prison experimentand bestselling introductions to psychology.Also wrote our A.P. text book. |
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| Seligman is probably best known for his work on the idea of "learned haplessness," and more recently, for his contributions to and leadership in the field of Positive Psychology. |
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| Refers to a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions developed independently by two 19th-century scholars, William Jamesand Carl Lange. The theory states that within human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause |
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| was a Germanpsychoanalyst and psychiatrist of Norwegianand Dutchdescent. Her theories questioned some traditional Freudian views, particularly his theory of sexuality, as well as the instinct orientation of psychoanalysis and its genetic psychology. As such, she is often classified as Neo-Freudian. |
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a New York woman, was stabbed to death near her house. More than 30 of Genovese's neighbors heard her screaming for help, yet no one helped her, each thinking that somebody else definitely would.
An example of: Diffusion of responsibility |
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| pioneered research into the nature of human sexual response and the diagnosis and treatment of sexual disorders and dysfunctions from 1957until the 1990s. |
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| The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. |
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| A study conducted via careful observations and scientifically based research |
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| Erroneous assertions or practices set forth as being scientific psychology. |
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| The tendency to attend to evidence that complements and confirms our beliefs or expectations, while ignoring evidence that does not. |
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| Experimental psychologists |
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| Psychologists who do research on basic psychological processes as contrasted with applied psychologists also called research psychologists. |
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| Psychologists whose primary job is teaching, typically in high schools, colleges and universities. |
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| Psychologists who use the knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to solve human problems. |
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| A medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. |
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| A historical school of psychology devoted to uncovering the basic structures that make up mind and thought. Structuralists sought the "elements" of consious experience |
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| the process of reporting on one's own conscious mental experiences. |
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| A historical school of psychology that believed mental processes could best be understood in terms of their adaptive purpose and function. |
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| A historical school of psychology that sought to understand how the brain works by studying perception and perceptual learning. Gestalt psychologists believed that percepts consist of meaningful wholes. |
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| A historical school (as well as a modern perspective) that has sought to make psychology an objective science focused only on behavior-to the exclusion of mental processes. |
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| An approach to psychology based on Sigmund Freud's assertions, which emphasize unconscious processes. The term is used to refer broadly both to Freud's psychoanalytic theory and to his psychoanalytic treatment method. |
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| the psychological perspective that searches for the causes of behavior in the functioning of genes, the brain and nevous system, and the endocrine system. |
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| The field devoted to understanding how the brain creates thoughts, feelings, motives, consciousness, memories, and other mental processes. |
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| A relatively new specialty in psychology that sees behavior and mental processes in terms of their genetic adaptiations for survival and reproduction. |
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| the psychological perspective emphasizing changes that occur across the lifespan. |
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| The psychological perspective emphasizing mental processes, such as learning, memory, perception and thinking, as forms of information processing. |
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| Mental processes, such as thinking, memory, sensation, and perception |
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| An interdisciplinary field emphasizing brain activity as information processing; involves cognitive psychology, neurology, biology, computer science, linguistics, and specialists from other fields who are interested in the connection between mental processes and the brain. |
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| The psychological perspective emphasizing mental health and mental illness. Psychodynamic and humanistic psychology are variations of the clincal view. |
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| A clinical viewpoint emphasizing the understanding of mental disorders in terms of unconscious needs, desieres, memories, and conflicts. |
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| A clinical viewpoint emphasizing human ability, growth, potential and free will. |
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| A psychological perspective that finds the source of our actions in environmental stimuli, rather than in inner mental processes. |
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| a psychological perspective emphasizing the importance of social interaction, social learning and a cultural perspective. |
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| A complex blend of language, beliefs, customs, values, and traditions developed by a gropu of people and shared with others in the same environment. |
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| A psychological perspective that view behavior and persnality as the products of enduring psycholgical characteristics. |
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| a five-step process for empirical investigation of a hypothesis under conditons designed to control biases and subjective judgments. |
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| An approach to research that relies on sensory experience and observation as research data. |
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| A testable explanation for a set of facts or observations. In science, a theory is not just speculation or a guess. |
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| A statement predicting the outcome of a scientific study; a statement describing the relationship among variables in a study. |
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| Specific descriptions of concepts involving the conditions of a scientific study. Operational definitions are stated in terms of how the concepts are to be measured or what operations are being employed to produce them. |
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| A stimulus condition so named because the experimenter changes it independently of all the other carefully controlled experimental conditions. |
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| A process by which chance alone determines the order in which the stimulus is presented. |
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| Pieces of information, especially information gathered by a researcher to be used in testing a hypothesis |
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| The measured outcome of a study; the responses of the subjects in a study. |
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| In research, this refers to doing a study over to see whether the same results are obtained. As a control for bias, replication is often done by someone other then the researcher who performed the original study. |
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| A kind of research in which the researcher controls all the conditions and directly manipulates the conditions, including the independent variable. |
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| Constraints that the experimenter places on the experiment to ensure that each subject has the exact same conditions. |
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| each subject of the sample has an equal likelihood of being chosen for the experimental group of an experiment |
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| Research in which we choose subjects based on a pre-existing condition. |
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| a type of research that is mainly statistical in nature. Correlative studies determine the relationship between two variables. |
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| A quasi-experimental method in which questions are asked to subjects. When designing a survey, the researcher has to be careful that the questions are not skewed or biased toward a particular answer. |
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| A research method in which subjects are observed in their natural environment. |
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| a type of study in which one group of subjects is followed and observed for an extended period of time. |
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| A study in which a representative cross section of the population is tested or surveyed at one specific time. |
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| a research method in which a cross section of the population is chosen and then each cohort in followed for a short period of time. |
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| the researcher allowing personal beliefs to affect the outcome of a study. |
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| the researcher allowing his or her expectations to affect the outcome of the study. |
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| An experimental procedure in which both researchers and participants are uninformed about the nature of the independent variable being administered. |
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| Institutional Review Board |
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| a committee at each institution where research is conducted to review every experiment for ethics and methodology. |
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| Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee |
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| A committee at each institution where research is conducted to review every experiment involving animals for ethics and methodology. |
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| A summary chart showing how frequently each of the various scores in a set of date occurs. |
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| a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution. The height of the bars indicates the frequency of a group of scores. |
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| statistical procedures used to describe characteristics and responses of groups of subjects. |
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| the measure of central tendency most often used to describe a set of date- calculated by adding all the scores and dividing by the number of scores. |
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| A measure of central tendency for a distribution, represented by the score that separates the upper half of the scores in a distribution from the lower half. |
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| a measure of central tendency for a distribution, represented by the score that occurs more often then any other. |
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| the simplest measure of variability, represented by the difference between the highest and the lowest values in a frequency distribution. |
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| A measure of variability that indicates the average difference between the scores and their mean. |
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| A bell-shaped curve, describing the spread of a characteristic throughout a population. |
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| a relationship between variables in which changes in one variable are reflected in changes in the other variable-as in the correlation between a child's age and height. |
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| a number between -1 and +1 expressing the degree of relationship between two variables. |
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| statistical techniques used to assess whether the results of a study are reliable or whether they might be simply the result of chance. Inferential statistics are often used to determine whether two or more groups are essentially the same or different. |
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| a sample group of subjects selected by chance |
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| a sample obtained in such a way that it reflects the distribution of important variables in the larger populating in which the researchers are interested-variables such as age income level ethnicity and geographic distribution. |
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| Psychologists accept a difference between the groups as "real", or significant, when the probability that it might be due to an atypical sample drawn by chance is less then 5 in 100 (indicated by the notation p<.05) |
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