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| best example of a particular category |
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| methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems |
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| Some people are unable to arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles because they fail to consider a three-dimensional arrangement. This best illustrates the hazards of |
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| The smallest distinctive sound unit of a language is a |
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| In order to combine words into grammatically sensible sentences, one needs to adhere to the proper rules of |
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| It is difficult to explain language acquisition solely in terms of imitation and reinforcement because children |
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| over-generalize grammatical rules, producing speech errors they have never heard before |
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| In the process of classifying objects,people are especially likely to make use of |
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| the inability to take a new perspective on a problem is called a |
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| Joan forgot to bring a pillow on the camping trip, so she spent a very uncomfortable and restless night. Unfortunately, she never thought of using her down-filled jacket as a pillow. Joan's oversight best illustrates |
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| the smallest speech units that carry meaning |
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| Noam Chomsky has emphasized that the acquisition of language by children is facilitated by |
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| an unborn readiness to learn grammatical rules |
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| Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis emphasizes that |
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| language determines the way we think |
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| For the original version of the Stanford- Binet, IQ was defined as |
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| mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100 |
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| During the World War I era, the U.S. government developed intelligence tests to evaluate newly arriving immigrants. For most proponents of the eugenics movement, inferior test scores were viewed as reflecting the immigrants' |
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| Achievement tests are designed to |
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| assess learned knowledge or skills |
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| Psychologists measure the correlation between aptitude test scores and school grades in order to access the of the aptitude test. |
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| Fixed patterns of behavior characteristic of species and developed without practice are called |
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| Mr. Porter believes that aggression is an unlearned behavior characteristic of all children. He obviously believes that aggression is a(n) |
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| For a hungry person, the consumption of food serves to |
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| The problem- solving abilities of forest- dwelling chimpanzees are best illustrated by their |
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| A 12- year- old who responded to the original Stanford- Binet with the proficiency typical of an average 9- year old was said to have an IQ of |
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| Factor analysis is a statistical procedure used to |
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| identify clusters of closely related test items |
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| The written exam for a driver's license would most likely be considered a(n) test. |
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| The similarity between the intelligence test scores of identical twins raised apart is |
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| greater than that between ordinary siblings reared together |
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| the body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state |
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| For a thirsty person, drinking water serves to reduce |
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| According to Maslow, our need for must be met before we are prompted to satisfy our need for . |
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| adequate clothing;self-esteem |
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| Destruction of the causes an animal to . |
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| ventromedial hypothalamus; overeat |
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| After two days without eating, Myra is very hungry. At this time it is likely that her blood glucose level is and her blood insulin level is . |
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| Mark's intrinsic motivation to play baseball in college is most likely to be reduced when his attention is focused on |
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| playing well enough to secure an athletic scholarship |
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| The basic components of emotion are |
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| expressive behaviors, physiological arousal, and conscious experience |
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| In which country are people most likely to convey obvious facial expressions of their inner feelings? |
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| The general adaptation syndrome describes the stages in the |
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| body's response to prolonged stress |
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| The attribution theory was designed to account for |
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| how people explain others' behavior |
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| The most basic or lowest- level need in Maslow's hierarchy of human motives includes the need for |
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| Dr. Milosz electrically stimulates the lateral hypothalamus of a well -fed laboratory rat. This procedure is likely to |
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| cause the rat to begin eating |
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| Destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamus of a rat is most likely to |
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| facilitate conversion of its blood glucose to fat |
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| The universally understandable language of human emotion consists of |
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| The term "catharsis" refers to emotional |
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| In their classic 9- year study, Friedman and Rosenman reported that, compared to Type A men, Type B men were susceptible to . |
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| An example of the fundamental attribution error is illustrated in our tendency to underestimate the extent to which others' behavior is influenced by |
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| Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines |
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| even when the group judgement was clearly incorrect |
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| The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the |
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Definition
| "teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to severe stress |
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| Deindividuation refers to |
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| a loss of self- awareness and self- restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity |
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| Which of the following proverbs is most clearly supported by research on social attraction? |
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| Birds of a feather flock together |
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| The bystander effect refers to the tendency for an observer of an emergency to withhold aid if the |
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| emergency is being observed by a number of other people |
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| When 2-year-old Lisa was told she would get no dessert until she finished the food on her plate, she threw her plate on the floor in a temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Lisa was unable to resist the demands of her |
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| According to Freud, the personality system that represents our sense of right and wrong and our ideal standards is the |
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| According to Freud, during the period between age 6 and puberty, children |
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| experience very little sexual interest |
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| According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used by the |
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| ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized |
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| The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called |
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| Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because |
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| the "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted |
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| Social facilitation refers to the tendency to |
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| perform well- learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others |
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| In one experiment, men talked charmingly because they thought the women on the phone were beautiful. The fact that the women responded warmly best illustrates the impact of |
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Definition
| self-fulfilling prophecies |
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| Andrew, a 19-year-old college freshman, is very talkative, intelligent, assertive, and politically conservative. Research suggests that he would be most likely to develop a close friendship with |
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| Toren, who is talkative and assertive |
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| According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the |
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| When 16- year old Hafez received a large inheritance from his grandfather, he was tempted to purchase an expensive new car. He decided, instead, to deposit all the money in a savings account for his college education. Hafez shows signs of a |
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| No matter how long and hard Oprah studies, she always feels she hasn't studies as much as she should have. A Freudian psychologist would suggest that Oprah shows signs of a |
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| According to Freud, fixation refers to a difficulty in the process of |
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| Freud suggests that slips of the tongue illustrate an incomplete |
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| Henry Murray found that children's perceptions of photographs were biased by their previous participation in a frightening game. Their perceptual reactions most clearly highlighted the potential value of |
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| Which theorist emphasized that personal growth is promoted by interactions with others who are genuine, accepting, and empathetic? |
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| The perception that one's fate is determined by luck reflects |
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Definition
| an external locus of control |
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| Mildren often appears nervous and agitated; she frequently talks loudly and laughs almost uncontrollably. Her behavior is most likely to be diagnosed as psychologically disordered if it is |
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| socially unacceptable and disturbing to others |
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| Abdul mistakenly believes that his classmates at school are unusually hostile. In fact, Abdul is the most quarrelsome and aggressive child in the school. According to psychoanalytic theory, Abduls' belief that his classmates are hostile is a |
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| Which theorists have been most directly criticized for underestimating the variability of behavior from situation to situation? |
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| Jeremy has frequently been rebellious, inconsiderate, and self-centered, yet the pastor of his local church has always accepted and respected him. The pastor's attitude toward Jeremy is most explicitly recommended by |
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| Oscar believes that no matter how hard he works, the "system" is so biased against his ethnic group that he will be unable to achieve economic success. Oscar's thinking most clearly demonstrates |
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| an external locus of control |
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| Dogs strapped into a harness and given repeated and unavoidable shocks developed |
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| Mental health workers label behavior psychologically disordered when they judge it |
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| atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, and unjustifiable |
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| A generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by |
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Definition
| a continuous state of tension, apprehensive, and automatic nervous system arousal |
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| While she was studying, Carrie was suddenly overwhelmed with feelings of intense apprehension. For several minutes she felt so agitated that she could not catch her breath. Carrie was most likely suffering from a(n) |
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| Repeatedly washing your hands is to as repeatedly thinking about your own death is to . |
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| William, an airplane pilot, is unable to remember anything of a bombing raid in which his plane was severely damaged and two crew members were killed. Because he himself suffered no physical injuries, psychologists suspect that William probably suffers from a |
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| dissociative identity disorder |
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| Wilma is extremely agitated because she hears voices that tell her to sexually seduce the male nurses in her hospital ward. Wilma is suffering from |
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| Jabar, a 25-year-old auto mechanic, thinks he is Napoleon. He further believes he is being imprisoned against his will in a mental hospital where his relatives have brought him for treatment. Jabar is most likely suffering from |
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| Delusions of persecution are most common among those with schizophrenia. |
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| Those with a narcissistic personality disorder are likely to be preoccupied with |
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| their own self-importance |
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| Bill, a college student, complains that he feels apprehensive and fearful most of the time but doesn't know why. Without warning, his heart begins to pound, his hands get icy, and he breaks out in a cold sweat. Bill most likely suffers from a(n) |
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| generalized anxiety disorder |
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| offensive and unwanted thoughts that persistently preoccupy a person |
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| Disruptions in conscious awareness and sense of identity are most characteristic of disorders |
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| The experience of multiple personalities is most likely to be characterized by |
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| a massive dissociation of self from ordinary consciousness |
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| Which of the following is considered to be a psychotic disorder? |
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| A breakdown in selective attention is most likely to be experienced by those who suffer from |
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| Schizophrenia is associated with an excess of receptors for |
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| Jeff is 32 years old, well above average in intelligence, and quite charming. He has swindled several elderly people out of their life's savings, and he seems to have little feeling for his victims, nor does he fear the consequences of getting caught. His behavior is evidence of |
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| There is some evidence that a relatively low level of automatic nervous system arousal may contribute to |
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Definition
| antisocial personality disorder |
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| Psychological research on the principles of learning has most directly influenced the |
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Definition
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| In 1924, Jones reported that 3-year-old Peter lost his fear of rabbits when one was repeatedly presented while he was eating a tasty snack. This episode best illustrated the potential usefulness of |
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Definition
| systematic desensitivation |
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| In which form of therapy is unwanted behavior systematically associated with unpleasant experiences? |
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| Faculty members in clinical psychology Ph.D programs are currently most likely to align themselves with a therapeutic orientation that is |
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| Light-exposure therapy has been shown to be most effective if administered during the |
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| An antisocial personality disorder is most likely to be characterized by |
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| Who would be most likely to anticipate that patients are often motivated to avoid fully complying with specific therapeutic instructions? |
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Definition
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| Systematic desensitization is a form of |
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Definition
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| Systematic desensitization involves |
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Definition
| associating a pleasant relaxed state with anxiety-arousing stimuli |
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| In one treatment for bed-wetting, the child sleeps on a liquid-sensitive pad that when wet triggers an alarm and awakens the child. This treatment is a form of |
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| Melanie's therapists suggests that when she feels anxious, Melanie should attribute her arousal to her highly reactive nervous system and shift her attention to playing a game with her preschool child. This suggestion best illustrates |
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| cognitive-behavior therapy |
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| Electroconvulsive therapy has proven effective in the treatment of |
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