Term
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Definition
| The experimental factor that is manipulated, the variable who's effect is being studied. |
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Term
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Definition
| The experimental factor that is being measured, the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| The condition of the experiment that contrast with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. |
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Definition
| Other factors that can affect the dependent variable other than the dependent variable. |
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Definition
| Making the ad campaign towards a certain population in which your aim to market to for your product. |
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Term
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Definition
| A subgroup drawn from a population. The group one actually studies. |
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Definition
| Selecting participants that are proportional to the sub groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| The design of an experiment for paired comparison in which the assignment of subjects to treatment or control is not completely at random. but the randomization is restricted. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bias introduced by an experimenter whose expectations about the outcome of the experiment can be subtly communicated to the participants of the experiment. |
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Term
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Definition
| An experiment set up in such a way that subjects are kept uninformed of any details which might lead to bias. |
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Term
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Definition
| A rigorous for of experimental control whereby both the subject and experimenter are kept uniformed about details which can result in bias. |
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Definition
| Behavior exhibited by the subject of an experiment in an attempt to accomplish certain goals as a result of cues communicated by the experimenter (expectations or hypothesis). |
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Definition
| Sugar pill, has purely psychological affects, no medical. |
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Term
| Measures of Central Tendency |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Distribution is asymmetrical and points in the positive direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Distribution is asymmetrical and points in the negative direction. |
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Definition
| Performing the same survey with the same respondents at different moments of time. If the results correlate, they are reliable. |
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Definition
| The action potential produced needs to reach the threshold for the AP to be propagated. If it doesn't reach the threshold, there is not enough to stimulate the positive feedback system, the AP will not be conducted. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical change accompanying the passage of an electric current, especially as used in the preparation of commercially important quantities of certain chemical substances. |
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Term
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Definition
| The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fivers, through which messages pass to other neutrons or to muscles or glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body. |
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Term
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Definition
| A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fivers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next. |
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Term
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Definition
| Terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters. The axon terminus is considered to be the whole region of thickening and the terminal button is a specialized region of it. |
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Term
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Definition
| The junction between two neurons, represented by a small physical gap which is bridged by the flow of neurotransmitter chemicals from the terminals of the sending neuron. |
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Definition
| The amount of time it takes for an excitable membrane to be ready for a second stimulus once it returns to its resting state following excitation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to the receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse. |
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Term
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Definition
Triggers muscle contraction.
Not enough = Alzheimer's |
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Term
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Definition
Controls Motor functions and alertness.
Not enough = Parkinson's.
Too much = Schizophrenia |
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Term
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Definition
Pain Control.
Too much = addictions |
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Term
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Definition
Mood Control.
Not enough = clinical depression |
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Term
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Definition
| The body's speedy, electrochemical communication system, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems. |
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Term
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Definition
Afferent refers to pathways leading to the cortex (ie, sensory). Efferent are pathways leading away (ie, motor). You are *affected* by a situation, you *effect* change on someone else.
*Remember the word SAME*
*Sensory are Afferent, Motor are Efferent* |
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Term
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Definition
| The brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
| The sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. Its sympathetic division arouses, its parasympathetic division calms. |
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Term
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Definition
| The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. |
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Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| The division of the Autonomic Nervous System that arouses. |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| The division of the Autonomic Nervous System that calms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any reflex action mediated through a center of the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| Electroencephalogram. An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. |
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Term
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Definition
| Positron Emission Tomography Scan. A visual display of brain activity where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. |
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Term
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Definition
| Computerized Tomography Scan. A series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body. Also called CAT Scan. |
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Term
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Definition
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. A techniques that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The base of the brainstem, controls heartbeat and breathing. |
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Term
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Definition
| A specific section of the brain formed by the rounded prominence on the front surface of the brainstem. |
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Term
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Definition
| The portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the brain stem. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing and other complex motor functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The brain's sensory switchboard. located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities, helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Almond-shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage. |
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Term
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Definition
| The intricate favric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center. |
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Term
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Definition
| The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them. |
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Term
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Definition
| The portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Controls language and expression - and area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear, includes the sensory cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| The area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body sensations. |
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Term
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Definition
| The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, which receive visual information primarily from the opposite visual field. |
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Term
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Definition
| The portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. They secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| The usually paired female or hermaphroditic reproductive organ that produces ova and, in vertebrates, estrogen and progesterone. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reproductive gland in a male vertebrate, the source of spermatozoa and the androgens, normally occurring paired in a external scrotum in humans and certain other mammals. |
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Term
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Definition
| The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup. |
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Term
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Definition
| Syndrome in males that is characterized by small testes and long legs and enlarged breasts and reduced sperm production and mental retardation; a genetic defect in which an extra X chromosome (XXY) is present in the male. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chromosomal disorder in females who have only one X chromosome; marked by dwarfism and heart abnormalities and underdeveloped sex organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to focus one's listening attention on a single talker among a mixture of conversations and background noises, ignoring other conversations; this effect enables us to talk in a noisy place. |
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Term
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Definition
| The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters. |
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Term
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Definition
| A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening. |
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Term
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Definition
| The transparent dome-shaped anterior portion of the outer covering of the eye; it covers the iris and pupil and is continuous with the sclera. |
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Term
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Definition
| A transparent optical device used to converge or diverge transmitted light and to form images. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inner most light-sensitive membrane covering the back wall of the eyeball; it is continuous with the optic nerve. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cranial nerve that serves the retina. |
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Term
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Definition
| The small, circular, optically insensitive region in the retina where fivers of the optic nerve emerge from the eyeball. It has no rods or cones. Also called optic disk. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which specialized nerve cells in the brain respond to specific features of a visual stimulus, such as lines, edges, angle, or movement. The nerve cells fire selectively in response to stimuli that have specific characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| The organism's retina contains three types of color receptors (called cone cells in vertebrates) with different absorption spectra. |
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Term
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Definition
| A color theory that states that the human visual system interprets information about color by processing signals from cones and rods in a n antagonistic manner. |
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Term
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Definition
| An optical illusion that refers to an image continuing to appear in one's vision after the exposure to the original image has ceased. The phenomenon of afterimages may be closely related to persistence of vision. |
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Term
| Di/Monochromatic Color Blindness |
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Definition
| A condition in which people have mild to severe difficulty identifying colors. Color blind people may not be able to recognize various shades of colors and, in some cases, cannot recognize colors at all. |
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Term
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Definition
| The displacement of a wave. In the case of a sound wave, the greater the amplitude of the wave, the greater the intensity, or pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of occurrences within a given time period. |
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Term
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Definition
| The membrane in the ear that vibrates to sound. |
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Term
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Definition
| Snail-shaped structure in the inner ear that contains the organ of hearing. |
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Term
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Definition
| The hearing organ of the inner ear; contains receptors that respond to sound waves. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ossicle attached to the eardrum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anvil-shaped small bone or ossicle in the middle ear. It connects the incus to the stapes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The stirrup-shaped ossicle that transmits sound from the incus to the cochlea. |
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Term
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Definition
| States that our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibration along the basilar membrane. By this theory, the pitch of a musical tone is determined by the place where the membrane vibrates, based on frequencies corresponding to the tonotopic organization of the primary auditory neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relates perceived pitch to the frequency of incoming sound waves and the frequency of firing in the auditory nerve. |
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Term
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Definition
| Model that proposes that a neural gate in the spinal cord can modulate incoming pain signals. The gay is opened and closed by messages from the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The bulblike distal end of the olfactory lobe, where the olfactory nerves begin. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sensory system located in the structures of the inner ear that registers the orientation of the head. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to perceive extent, direction, or weight of movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| The lowest level of stimulation that a person can detect. |
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Term
| Just Noticeable Difference |
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Definition
| The difference between two stimuli that (under properly controlled experimental conditions) is detected as often as it is undetected. |
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Term
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Definition
| The concept that a just-noticeable difference in a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Perceptual processing in which previous experiences, existing knowledge, expectations, motivations or the context in which perception takes place, affect how a perceived object is interpreted and classified. |
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Term
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Definition
| Processing of information (stimulus) that is determined solely by aspects of the stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Gestalt principle of organization holding that (other things being equal) objects or events that are near to one another (in space or time) are perceived as belonging together as a unit. |
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Term
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Definition
| The psychological nearness or proximity of two mental representations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Continuity is a Gestalt principle of perceptual organization that states people have a tendency to group stimuli into continuous lines and patterns. |
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Term
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Definition
| The mind may experience elements it does not perceive through sensation, in order to complete a regular figure (that is, to increase regularity). |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to perceive objects as being closer to their actual size rather than the physical size registered on the retina of the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to perceive an object's shape as remaining constant despite changes in its orientation and the angle from which one views it. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for a visual object to be perceived as having the same brightness under widely different conditions of illumination. |
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Term
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Definition
| E.J. Gibson and R.D. Walk created the visual cliff apparatus which allowed them to experimentally adjust the optical and tactical stimuli associated with a simulated cliff while protecting the subjects from injury. |
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Term
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Definition
| Provide depth information while viewing a scene with one eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| The property of parallel lines converging at infinity allows us to reconstruct the relative distance of two parts of an object, or of landscape features. |
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Term
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Definition
| If two objects are known to be the same size (e.g., two trees) but their absolute size is unknown, relative size cues can provide information about the relative depth of the two objects. If one subtends a larger visual angle on the retina than the other, the object which subtends the larger visual angle appears closer. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the first object is placed over a second object, the first object appears closer than the second, which is partially blocked. |
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Term
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Definition
| Suppose you are standing on a gravel road. The gravel near you can be clearly seen in terms of shape, size and color. As your vision shifts towards the distant road, the texture cannot be clearly differentiated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Objects don't usually allow light to pass through and therefore cast a shadow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Whenever we are not focusing on an object, the image of that object falls on different points of the two retinas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cue for distance/depth perception. By virtue of stereopsis the two eye balls focus on the same object. In doing so they converge. The convergence will stretch the extraocular muscles. Kinesthetic sensations from these extraocular muscles also help in depth/distance perception. The angle of convergence is smaller when the eye is fixating on far away objects. Convergence is effective for distances less than 10 meters. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, the area of the psyche where unknown wishes and needs are kept, play a significant role in our conscious behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Applied to thoughts which are unconscious at the particular moment in question, but which are not repressed and are therefore available for recall and easily capable of becoming conscious. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychic activity just below the level of awareness. |
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Term
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Definition
| A state that resembles sleep but that is induced by suggestion. |
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Term
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Definition
| A daily cycle of activity observed in many living organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stage of NREM sleep occurring after wake. Its criteria consist of a low-voltage EEG with slowing to theta frequencies, alpha activity less than 50%, EEG vertex spikes, and slow rolling eye movements; no sleep spindles, K-complexes, or REMS. Stage 1 normally assumes 4-5% of total sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stage of NREM sleep occurring characterized by sleep spindles and K complexes against a relatively low-voltage, mixed-frequency EEG background; high voltage delta waves may comprise up to 20% of stage 2 epochs; usually accounts for 45-55% of total sleep time. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stage of NREM sleep defined by at least 20 and not more than 50% of the period (30 second epoch) consisting of EEG waves less than 2 Hz and more than 75 uV (high-amplitude delta waves); a "delta" sleep stage; with stage 4, it constitutes "deep" NREM sleep; appears usually only in the first third of he sleep period; usually comprises 4-6% of total sleep time. |
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Term
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Definition
| All statements concerning NREM Stage 3 apply to stage 4 except that high-voltage, slow EEG waves, cover 50% or more of the record; NREM stage 4 usually take up 12-15% of total sleep time. Somnambulism, sleep terror, and sleep-related enuresis episodes generally start in stage 4 or during arousals from this stage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Paradoxical sleep: a recurring sleep state during which dreaming occurs; a state of rapidly shifting eye movements during sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| A burst of brain activity visible on an EEG that occurs during stage 2 sleep. It consists of 13-17 Hz waves that occur for 0.5 to 1.5 seconds. |
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Term
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Definition
| An inability to sleep; chronic sleeplessness. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sleep disorder characterized by sudden and uncontrollable episodes of deep sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| A temporary suspension of breathing occurring repeatedly during sleep that often affects overweight people or those having an obstruction in the breathing tract, an abnormally small throat opening, or a neurological disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| A parasomnia disorder characterized by extreme terror and a temporary inability to regain full consciousness. The subject wakes abruptly from slow-wave sleep, with waking usually accompanied by gasping, moaning, or screaming. |
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Term
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Definition
| Applied to the formation of dreams, points o the content of a dream that one remembers upon the waking. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hidden meaning of a fantasy or dream. |
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Term
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Definition
| Answers all the questions about the meaning of dreams by the simple expedient of declaring the meaningless. |
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Term
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Definition
| Problem solving in which encoding information is acted on and transmitted in the resolution of a goal held by a cognitive entity. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical that binds to a receptor of a cell and triggers a response by the cell. An agonist often mimics the action of a naturally occurring substance. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of receptor ligand or drug that does not provoke a biological response itself upon binding to a receptor, but blocks or dampens agonist-mediated responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition that may follow repeated ingestion of a drug into that the effect produced by the original dose no longer occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The group of symptoms that occurs upon the abrupt discontinuation/separation or a decrease in dosage of the intake of medications, recreational drugs, and/or alcohol. One must have first developed a physical dependence. This happens after consuming one or more of these substances for a certain period of time, which is both does dependent and varies based upon the drug consumed. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical agent such as caffeine that temporarily arouses or accelerates physiological or organic activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug that decrease the rate of vital physiological activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| A psychoactive drug that induces hallucinations or altered sensory experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| A narcotic drug that contains opium or an opium derivative. |
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Term
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Definition
| The stimulus that is the occasion for a conditioned response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conditional Reflex: an acquired response that is under the control of (conditional on the occurrence of) a stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| In classical conditioning, a reflexive response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus, such as pupil contraction to bright light, without prior learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Conditioned Stimulus and Unconditioned Stimulus do not overlap. |
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Term
| Simultaneous Conditioning |
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Definition
| During simultaneous conditioning, the Conditioned Stimulus and Unconditioned Stimulus are presented and terminated at the same time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Backward conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus immediately follows an unconditioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The lowering of the probability of a response when a characteristic reinforcing stimulus is no longer presented. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reemergence of conditioned responses (CRs)which have been previously undergone extinction training following an elapse of time without any further extinction training. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The individual learns to distinguish, for response purposes, between similar stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ivan Pavlov classically trained dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell. |
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Term
| Higher Order Conditioning |
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Definition
| A form of learning in which a stimulus is first made meaningful or consequential for an organism through an initial step of learning, and then that stimulus is used as a basis for learning about some new stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| States that more probable behaviors will reinforce less probable behaviors. |
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Term
| Taste Aversion (Garcia Effect) |
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Definition
| Refers to a type of learning formed after one trial, where by an association is formed between feelings of sickness and (usually) a particular food, resulting in an avoidance of the food. |
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Term
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Definition
| States that responses that produce a satisfying or pleasant state of affairs in a particular situation are more likely to occur again in a similar situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A laboratory apparatus used in the experimental analysis of behavior to study animal behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| The giving of encouragement to a particular behavior with the result that it is more likely to be repeated. |
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Term
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Definition
| The removal of a discourage stimulus associated with a particular behavior with the result that it is more likely to be repeated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any change in a human or animals surroundings that occurs after a given behavior or response which reduces the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future. |
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Term
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Definition
| The procedure of removing positive reinforcement upon the occurrence of unwanted behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| The form of an existing response is gradually changed across successive trials towards a desired target behavior by rewarding exact segments of behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reinforcing individual responses occurring in a sequence to form a complex behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus or need that one responds to instinctively without learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus or situation that has acquired its function as a reinforcer after pairing with a stimulus which functions as a reinforcer. |
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Term
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Definition
| A conditioned reinforcer that has obtained the reinforcing function by pairing with many other reinforcers (such as money, a secondary generalized reinforcer). |
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Term
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Definition
| Subjects are "rewarded" for certain behavior with an arbitrary token of a negotiable value. |
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Term
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Definition
| Schedules deliver reinforcement after every nth response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Schedules deliver reinforcement after a random number of responses (based upon a predetermined average). |
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Term
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Definition
| Schedules deliver reinforcement for the first response after a random average length of time passes since the last reinforcement. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency of an organism to revert to instinctive behaviors that can interfere with the conditioned response. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of learning that occurs as a function of observing, retaining an replicating novel behavior executed by others. |
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Term
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Definition
| D'zurilla's experiment about children's observational learning by watching adults play with toys (Bobo Dolls) and either have fun or be reprimanded. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response; it occurs without obvious reinforcement to be applied later. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves understanding concepts such as tree or same, Skinner box pigeons picking out certain shapes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when one suddenly realizes how to solve a problem. |
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Term
| Information Processing Model |
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Definition
| Studies conducted by theorists to describe learning in terms of how memories are acquired and later accessed. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimulus has ceased. |
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Term
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Definition
| The capacity for holding a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory that can last as little as a few days or as long as decades. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things. |
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Term
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Definition
| A strategy for making more efficient use of short-term memory by recoding information. |
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Term
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Definition
| A language device to help the memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Maintenance Rehearsal is the process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about a piece of information. |
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Term
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Definition
| The active processing of items to improve memory, through a variety of methods, from focusing on sensory characteristics (visual appearance, sound) to an emphasis on the semantic content (meaning) of information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Long-term memories for personal experiences and the contexts in which they occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory for how-to information, that we have no conscious access to, for instance, how to ride a bike. |
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Term
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Definition
| General memories that involve general knowledge of the world, including facts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory for facts (semantic knowledge) and events (episodic knowledge). |
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Term
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Definition
| Photographic memory, is the ability to recall images, sounds, or objects in memory with extreme accuracy and in abundant volume. |
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Term
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Definition
| The knowledge or perception that someone or something present has been previously encountered. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bringing a though or idea learned previously, and thus stored in memory into conscious awareness. |
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Term
| Serial Positioning Effect |
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Definition
| Refers to the finding that recall accuracy varies as a function of an item's position within a study list. |
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Term
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Definition
| The last few items are recalled more frequently because they were seen the most recently. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first few items are recalled more frequently that the middle items because they were rehearsed more. |
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Term
| Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon |
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Definition
| An instance of knowing something that cannot immediately be recalled. |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly detailed, exceptionally vivid 'snapshots' of the moment and circumstances in which surprising and consequential (or emotionally arousing) news was heard. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memories that are better recalled in the state they were made in. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memories that are better recalled in the context they were made in. |
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Term
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Definition
| Information that is learned later interferes with information that was learned earlier. |
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Term
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Definition
| Information that is learned earlier interferes with information that was learned later. |
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Term
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Definition
| People tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of a small set of speech sounds that are distinguished by the speakers of a particular language. |
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Term
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Definition
| The smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Utter meaningless sounds, like a baby, or utter in an incoherent way. |
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Term
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Definition
| Speech during the two-word stage of language acquisition in children. |
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Term
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Definition
| Statements that are so general that they over simplify reality. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the processes through which humans acquire language. |
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Term
| Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis |
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Definition
| The idea that the varying cultural concepts and categories inherent in different languages affect the cognitive classification of the experienced world in such a way that speakers of different languages think and behave differently because of it. |
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Term
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Definition
| A precise rule (or set of rules) specifying how to solve some problem. |
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Term
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Definition
| An algorithm that is able to produce an acceptable solution to a problem in many practical scenarios, in the fashion of a general heuristic, but for which there is no formal proof of its correctness. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tendency to approach situations the same way because that way worked in the past. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it was traditionally used. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection of anecdotes and stereotypes-that individuals rely on to understand and respond to events. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thinking that brings together information focused on solving a problem (especially solving problems that have a single correct solution). |
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Term
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Definition
| A thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a need is satisfied, drive is reduced and the organism returns to a state of homeostasis and relaxation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A state of responsiveness to sensory stimulation or excitability. |
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Term
| Incentive Theory of Motivation |
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Definition
| A reward, tangible or intangible, is presented after the occurrence of an action (i.e. behavior) with the intent to cause the behavior to occur again. This is done by associating positive meaning to the behavior. |
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Term
| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |
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Definition
| Physiology, Safety, Love/Belonging, Esteem, Self-Actualization. |
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Term
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Definition
| Controls thirst and hunger. |
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Term
| Ventromedial Hypothalamus |
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Definition
| Most commonly associated with satiety. |
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Term
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Definition
| The body maintains its normal weight and body fat level with internal regulatory controls hat dictate how much fat one has. |
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Term
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Definition
| These include unpleasant experiences, such as teasing, physical abuse, or sexual abuse; negative emotions including depression, low self-esteem, and body dissatisfaction; distorted thoughts (e.g., obsessions about food, inaccurate judgements, rigid thinking patterns, and perfectionism); and possible biological influences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Society's emphasis on an idealized slim physique, family encouragement, weight and size pressures inherent in certain sports or activities (e.g., wrestling or ballet), and the power of cliques in school are external pressures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reoccurring episodes of binge eating followed by such inappropriate compensatory behaviors as self-inducing vomiting; misusing laxatives, diuretics, or other medications; fasting; or excessive exercise distinguish this disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| This disorder is characterized by a refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight, which is defined as at least 85% body weight compared to the national norms. There are two types: the restricting type and the binge-eating and purging type. Restricting-type anorexics limit their food intake so severely that their bodies experience starvation. Many restricting-type anorexics initially feel a euphoria that is referred to as the dieter's high, which eventually disappears and is replaced by a constant depressed mood. Binge-eating and purging type anorexics use inappropriate compensatory behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting, after eating. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attribute their educational results to internal factors they can control (e.g. the amount of effort they put in), believe they can be effective agents in reaching desired goals (i.e. the results are not determined by luck), are interested in mastering a topic, rather than just rote-learning to achieve good grades. |
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Term
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Definition
| Comes from outside of the performer. Money is the most obvious example, but coercion and threat of punishment are also common extrinsic motivations. While competing, the crowd may cheer on the performer, which may motivate hi or her to do well. Trophies are also extrinsic incentives. Competition is in general extrinsic because it encourages the performer to win and beat others, not to enjoy the intrinsic rewards of the activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Describe two very different attitudes towards workforce motivation. Theory X states management assumes employees are inherently lazy and will avoid work if they can and that they inherently dislike work. Theory Y states management assumes employees may be ambition and self-motivated and exercise self-control. It is believed that employees enjoy their mental and physical work duties. |
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Term
| Approach-Approach Conflict |
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Definition
| Psychological conflict resulting from the necessity of choosing between two desirable alternatives. |
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Term
| Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict |
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Definition
| Psychological conflict resulting form the necessity of choosing between two undesirable alternatives. |
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Term
| Approach-Avoidance Conflict |
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Definition
| Psychological conflict that results when a goal is both desirable and undesirable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Instances of scientists, working independently of each other, reaching similar findings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Emotions are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause. |
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Term
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Definition
| People feel emotions first and then act upon them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory that views emotion as having two components (factors): physiological arousal and cognition. According to the theory, "cognitions are used to interpret the meaning of physiological reactions to outside events." |
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Term
| Daily Stress v. Life Changing |
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Definition
| Levels of stress differ greatly; some are just daily stresses while others change out lives. |
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Term
| Social Readjustment Scale |
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Definition
| A widely used scale in the social and behavioral sciences that assigns values to significant life events such as marriage, birth of offspring, bereavement, loss of job; such events correlate with emotional states. |
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Term
| General Adaptation Syndrome |
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Definition
| Stress is how much the body reacts to a stressor, real or imagined, a stimulus that causes stress. |
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Term
General Adaptation Syndrome:
Alarm Stage |
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Definition
| During the stage adrenaline will be produced in order to bring about the fight-or-fight response. There is also some activation of the HPA axis, producing cortisol. |
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Term
General Adaptation Syndrome:
Resistance Stage |
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Definition
| If the stressor persists, it becomes necessary to attempt some means of coping with stress. Although the body begins to try to adapt to the strains or demands of the environment, the body cannot keep this up indefinitely, so its resources are gradually depleted. |
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Term
General Adaptation Syndrome:
Exhaustion Stage |
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Definition
| At this point, all of the body's resources are eventually depleted and the body is unable to maintain normal function. The initial autonomic nervous system symptoms may reappear (sweating, raised heart rate etc.). If stage three s extended, long term damage may result as the capacity of glands, especially the adrenal gland, and the immune system is exhausted and function is impaired resulting in decompensation. |
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Term
Developmental Psychology:
Nature |
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Definition
| The genetic make-up of a person and the influence it has on a person's psychological development. |
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Term
Developmental Psychology:
Nurture |
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Definition
| The environment in which a person is raised and the influence it has on a person's psychological development. |
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Term
Developmental Psychology:
Cross-Sectional Studies |
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Definition
| A class of research methods that involve observation of some subset of a population of items all at the same time, in which , groups can be compared at different ages wit respect of independent variables, such as IQ and memory. |
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Term
Developmental Psychology:
Longitudinal Studies |
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Definition
| A correlational research study that involves repeated observations of the same items over long periods of time - often many decades. It is a type of observational study. |
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Term
Developmental Psychology:
Teratogens |
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Definition
| Any agent that can disturb the development of an embryo or fetus. Teratogens may cause a birth defect in the child. Or a teratogen may halt the pregnancy outright. The classes of teratogens include radiation, maternal infections, chemicals, and drugs. |
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Term
Developmental Psychology:
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome |
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Definition
| Fetal alcohol syndrome refers to growth, mental, and physical problems that may occur in a baby when a mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy. |
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Term
Developmental Psychology:
Reflexes |
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Definition
| A reflex action, also known as a reflex, is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus. |
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Term
Developmental Psychology:
Reflexes:
Rooting |
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Definition
| A reflex in newborns that makes them turn their heads toward the breast or bottle to feed. |
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Term
Developmental Psychology:
Reflexes:
Sucking |
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Definition
| When the roof of the baby's mouth is touched, the baby will begin to suck. |
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Term
Developmental Psychology:
Reflexes:
Grasping |
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Definition
| Stroking the palm of a baby's hand causes the baby to close his/her fingers in a grasp. |
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Term
Developmental Psychology"
Reflexes:
Moro |
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Definition
| Often called a startle reflex because it usually occurs when a baby is startled by a loud sound or movement. In response to the sound, the baby throws back his/her head, extends out the arms and legs, cries, then pulls the arms and legs back in. |
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Term
Developmental Psychology:
Reflexes:
Babinski |
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Definition
| When the sole of the foot is firmly stroked, the big toe bends back toward the top of the foot and the other toes fan out. |
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Term
Developmental Psychology:
Reflexes:
Senses:
Hearing vs. Sight for Babies |
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Definition
| Sight not very good because eye muscles not very well developed. Hearing is very acute at birth and most babies hear loud and clear. |
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Term
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Definition
| The child forms a strong emotional bond with caregivers during childhood with lifelong consequences. Sensitive and emotionally available parenting helps the child to form a secure attachment style which fosters a child's socio-emotional development and well being. |
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Term
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Definition
| Partial isolation involved raising monkeys in bare wire cages that allowed them to see, smell, and hear other monkeys, but provided no opportunity for physical contact. Total social isolation involved rearing monkeys in isolation chambers that precluded any and all contact with other monkeys. |
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Term
| (Ainsworth) Strange Situation |
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Definition
| The child is observed playing for 20 minutes while caregivers and strangers enter and leave the room, recreating the flow of the familiar and unfamiliar presence in most children's lives. The situation varies in stressfulness and the child's responses are observed. |
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Term
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Definition
| A child who is securely attached to its mother will explore freely while the mother is present, will engage with strangers, will be visibly upset when the mother departs, and happy to see the mother return. Will not engage with stranger if mother is not in the room. |
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Term
| Avoidance-Anxious Attachment |
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Definition
| A child with an anxious-resistant attachment style is anxious of exploration and of strangers, even when the mother is present. When the mother departs, the child is extremely distressed. The child will be ambivalent when she returns - seeking to remain close to the mother but resentful, and also resistant when the mother initiates attention. When reunited with the mother, the baby may also hit or push his mother when she approaches and fail to cling to her when she picks him up. |
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Term
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Definition
| The parent is demanding but not responsive. |
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Term
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Definition
| The parent is responsive but not demanding. |
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Term
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Definition
| The parent is demanding and responsive. |
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Term
Psychosexual Development:
Oral |
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Definition
| The oral stage begins at birth, when the oral cavity is the primary focus of libidal energy. The child, of course, preoccupies himself with nursing, with the pleasure of sucking and accepting things into the mouth. |
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Term
Psychosexual Development:
Anal |
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Definition
| At one and one-half years, the child enters the anal stage. With the advent of toilet training comes the child's obsession with the erogenous zone of the anus and with the retention or expulsion of the feces. |
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Term
Psychosexual Development:
Phallic |
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Definition
| The phallic stage is the setting for the greatest, most crucial sexual conflict in Freud's model of development. In this stage, the child's erogenous zone is the genital region. As the child becomes more interested in his genitals, and in the genitals of other, conflict arises. |
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Term
Psychosexual Development:
Genital |
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Definition
| In the genital stage, as the child's energy once again focuses on his genitals, interest turns to heterosexual relationships. The less energy the child has left invested in unresolved psychosexual developments, the greater his capacity will be to develop normal relationships with the opposite sex. If, however, he remains fixated, particularly on the phallic stage, his development will be troubled as he struggles with further repression and defenses. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Oedipus Complex (The Electra Complex in women), involves the child's unconscious desire to possess the opposite-sexed parent and to eliminate the same-sexed one. |
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Term
Psychosocial Stages:
Hope 0-1 year |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Psychosocial Stages:
Will 2-3 years |
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Definition
| Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt |
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Term
Psychosocial Stages:
Purpose 4-6 years |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Psychosocial Stages:
Competence 7-12 years |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Psychosocial Stages:
Fidelity 13-19 years |
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Definition
| Identity vs. Role Confusion |
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Term
Psychosocial Stages:
Love 20-34 years |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Psychosocial Stages:
Care 35-65 years |
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Definition
| Generativity vs. Stagnation |
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Term
Psychosocial Stages:
Wisdom 65+ years |
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Definition
| Ego Integrity vs. Despair |
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Term
|
Definition
| The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Holding the view that the ego is the center, object, and norm of all experience. Concern for your own interests and welfare. |
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Term
|
Definition
| People of different backgrounds come to see themselves as part of a larger national family. |
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Term
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Definition
| Making of becoming suitable; adjusting to circumstances. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process through which children develop proper attitudes and behaviors toward other people in. |
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Term
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Definition
| Solely concerned with that self in an egocentric manner. A child with preconventional morality has not yet adopted or internalized society's conventions regarding what is right or wrong, but instead focuses largely on external consequences that certain actions may bring. |
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Term
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Definition
| There is a growing realization that individuals are separate entities from society, and that the individual's own perspective may take precedence over society's view, they may disobey rules inconsistent with their own principles. |
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Term
| Decremental Model of Aging |
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Definition
| The decremental model of aging theory holds that progressive physical and mental decline is inevitable with age. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Discrimination against middle-aged and elderly people. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Most common form of dementia; incurable, degenerative, and terminal disease. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The id comprises the unorganized part of the personality structure that contains the basic drives. Pleasure Principle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Organized part of the personality structure that includes defensive, perceptual, intellectual-cognitive, and executive functions. Conscious awareness resides in the ego, although not all of the operations of the ego are conscious. Reality Principle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| It contains that organized part of the personality structure, mainly but not entirely unconscious, that includes the individual's ego ideals, spiritual goals, and they psychic agency (commonly called "conscious") that criticizes and prohibits his or her drives, fantasies, feelings, and actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Seeking to avoid pain or unpleasure aroused by increases in instinctual tension. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The principles of right and wrong that are accepting by an individual or a social group. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Seeks to please the id's drive in realistic ways that will benefit in the long term rather than bringing grief. |
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Term
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Definition
| Life drive or passionate love, with sensual desire and longing |
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Term
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Definition
| Death drive allegedly compels humans to engage in risky self-destructive acts that could lead to their own death. Behaviors such as thrill seeking, aggression, and risk taking are viewed as actions which stem from this Thanatos instinct. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Protects you from impulses or ideas that would cause anxiety by preventing them from becoming conscious. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A defense mechanism that denies painful thoughts. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Transfers affect or reaction from the original object to some more acceptable one. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Your own traits and emotions are attributed to someone else. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A person unconsciously develops attitudes and behavior that are the opposite of unacceptable repressed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| You flee from reality by assuming a more infantile state. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Your true motivation is concealed by explaining your actions and feelings in a way that is not threatening. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Modifying the natural expression of an impulse or instinct (especially a sexual one) to one that is socially acceptable. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The field of inherited ideas, images, legends, myths, and the like that exists beyond individual memory but nonetheless informs it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The Shadow, The Anima/Animus, The Syzygy, The Child, The Self. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A feeling that one is inferior to others in some way. Such feelings can arise from an imagined or actual inferiority in the afflicted person. It is often subconscious, and is thought to drive afflicted individuals to overcompensate. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The tendency to be retiring, somber, and reserved. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The tendency to be sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Higher risk of coronary disease because they are "stress junkies." |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tended to be relaxed, less competitive, and lower in risk. |
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Term
|
Definition
| (Inventive/Curious vs. Cautious/Conservative) Appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, curiosity, and variety of experience. |
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Term
|
Definition
| (Efficient/Organized vs. Easy-Going/Careless) A tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement; planned rather than spontaneous behavior. |
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Term
|
Definition
| (Outgoing/Energetic vs. Shy/Withdrawn) Energy, positive emotions, surgency, and the tendency to seek stimulation in the company of others. |
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Term
|
Definition
| (Friendly/Compassionate vs. Competitive/Outspoken) A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others. |
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Term
|
Definition
| (Sensitive/Nervous vs. Secure/Confident) A tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such as anger, anxiety, depression, or vulnerability. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A personal disposition so pervasive that almost every behavior of an individual appears to be influenced by it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment. Bandura accepts the possibility of an individual's behavior being conditioned through the use of consequences. At the time he asserts that a person's behavior (and personal factors, such as cognitive skills or attitudes) can impact the environment. |
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|
Term
| Internal Locus of Control |
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Definition
| Individual believes that his/her behavior guided by his/her personal decisions and efforts. |
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