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AP Psychology CH6
terms
48
Psychology
12th Grade
10/15/2012

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Term
learning
Definition
a lasting change in behavior or mental processes that results from experience
Term
habituation
Definition
learning not to respond to the repeated presentation of a stimulus
Term
mere exposure efffect
Definition
a learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed.
Term
behavioral learning
Definition
forms of learning, such as classical conditioning and opperant conditioning, that can be described in terms of stimuli and responses.
Term
classical conditioning
Definition
a form of behavriol learning in which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the power to elicit the same innate reflex produced by another stimulus.
Term
neutral stimulus
Definition
any stimulus that produces no conditioned response prior to learning. When it is brought into a conditioning experimetn, the researcher wil call it a condtioned stimulus (CS). The assupmtion is that some conditions occur after even one paring of the CS and UCS
Term
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Definition
In classical conditioning, the stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response.
Term
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Definition
in classical conditioning, the response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning.
Term
acquistion
Definition
the initial learning stage in classical conditioning, during which the conditioned reponse comes to be elicited by the conditioned stimulus.
Term
conditioned stimulus (CS)
Definition
In classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit the conditioned response. Customarily, in a conditioning experiment, the neutral stimulus is called a conditioned stimulus when it is first paired with an UCS
Term
Cinditoned response (CR)
Definition
in classical conditioning, a reponse elicited by a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
Term
Extinction (in classical conditioning)
Definition
the weakening of a condtioned response in the absence of an uncondiotioned stimulus.
Term
spontaneous recovery
Definition
the reapperance of an extinguished condtioned response after a time delay.
Term
stimulus generalization
Definition
the extension of a learned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
Term
stimulus discrimination
Definition
a change in responses to one stimulus but not to stimuli that are similar.
Term
experimental neurosis
Definition
a pattern of erratic behavior resulting from a demanding discrimination learning task, typically one that involves aversive stimuli.
Term
taste-aversion learning
Definition
a biological tendency in which an orghanism learns, after a single experience, to avoid a food with a certain taste, if eating it is followed by illness.
Term
operant
Definition
an observable, voluntary behavior that an organism emits to operate on, or have an effect upon the environment
Term
operant conditioning
Definition
a form of behariol learning in which the probability of a response is changed by its consequences - that is, by the stimuli that follow the response
Term
law of effect
Definition
the idea that responses that produced desirable results would be learned, or "stamped" into the organism
Term
Reinforcer
Definition
a condition (involving either the presentation or removal of a reinforcer) that occurs after a response and strengthens the response.
Term
positive reinforcement
Definition
a stimulus presented after a response and incrasing the probability of that response happening again.
Term
negative reinforcement
Definition
the removal of an unpleasant or aversive stimulus, contigent on a particular behavion. Compare with punishment
Term
Operant chamber
Definition
a boxlike apparatus that can be programmed to deliver reinforcers and punishers contigent on an animal's behavior; "skinner box".
Term
reinforcement contingencies
Definition
relationships between a response and the changes in stimulation that follow that response.
Term
continuous reinforcement
Definition
a type of reinforcement scheduled by which all correct responses are reinforced
Term
shaping
Definition
an operant learning technique in which a new behavior is produced by reinforcing responses that are similar to the desired response.
Term
intermittent reinforcement
Definition
a type of reinforcement schedule by which some, but not all, correct responses are reinforced; also called patrial reinforcement
Term
extinction (in operant conditioning)
Definition
a process by which a response that has been learned is weakened by the absence or removal of reinforcement. (compare to classical conditioning)
Term
scheduled reinforcement
Definition
programs specifyin the frequency and timing of reinforcements
Term
ratio schedule
Definition
a program by which reingforcement depends on the nukber of correct responses
Term
interval schedule
Definition
a program by wich reinforcement depends on the time interval elapsed since the last reinforcement
Term
fixed ratio (FR) schedules
Definition
programs by which reinforcement is contingent on a certain, unwavarying number of responses.
Term
variable ratio (VR) schedules
Definition
reinforcement programs by which the number of responses required for a reinforcement varied form trial to trial.
Term
fixed interval (FI) schedules
Definition
programs by which reinforcement is contingent on a certain, fixed time point.
Term
Variable interval (VI) schedules
Definition
programs by which the time period between reinforcements varies form trial to trial
Term
primary reinforcers
Definition
reinforcers, such as fodd and sex, that have an innate basis because of their biological value to an oraganism
Term
conditioned reinforcers
or
secondary reinforcers
Definition
stimuli, such as money or tokens, that acquire their reinforcing power by a learned association with primary reinforcers.
Term
token economy
Definition
a theraputic method, based on operant conditioning, by which individulas are rewared with tokens, which act as secondary reinforcers; these can be redeemed for a variety of rewards and priviledges
Term
Premack principle
Definition
a more preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less-preferred activity.
Term
punishment
Definition
an aversive stimulus which, occuring after a response, diminshes the strength of that response. (Compare with negative reinforcement)
Term
positive punishment
Definition
the application of an aversive stimulus after a response.
Term
omission training (negative punishment)
Definition
the removal of a appetitive stimulus after a response, leading to a decrease in behavior.
Term
insight learning
Definition
Term
insight learning
Definition
a form of cognitive learning, originally described by the Gestalt psychologists, in which problem solving occurs by means of a sudden reorginization of perceptions
Term
cognitive map
Definition
a mental representation of physicl space.
Term
observational learning
Definition
a form of congnitive learning in whch new responses are acquired after watching others' behavior and the consequences of their behavior.
Term
long-term potentiation
Definition
a biological process, involving physical changed that strengthen the synapses in groups of more cells, which is believed to be the neural basis of learning.
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