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AP Psychology
Chapter 4: Developing Through the Lifespan
41
Psychology
12th Grade
05/10/2009

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Term
preoperational stage
Definition
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.
Term
sensorimotor stage
Definition
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of sensory impressions and motor activities.
Term
formal operational stage
Definition
in Piaget's theory, the stage of coginitie development (normally begining about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.
Term
imprinting
Definition
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical perioud very early in life.
Term
self-concept
Definition
a sense of one's identity and personal worth; all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
Term
embryo
Definition
the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.
Term
longitudinal study
Definition
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.
Term
idenitity
Definition
one's sense of self; according to Erickson, the adolescents's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.
Term
theory of mind
Definition
people's ideas about their own and other's mental states--about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict.
Term
fluid intelligence
Definition
one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.
Term
conservation
Definition
the principle part of concrete operational reasoning that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.
Term
cognition
Definition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Term
egocentrism
Definition
in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty in taking another's point of view.
Term
stranger anxiety
Definition
the fear of stangers that infants commonly display, begining by about 8 months of age.
Term
fetus
Definition
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.
Term
menarche
Definition
a woman's first menstural period.
Term
crystalized intelligence
Definition
one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.
Term
schema
Definition
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.
Term
basic trust
Definition
according to Erickson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthing; said to be formed during infancy by appropraite experiences with responsive caregivers.
Term
accommodation
Definition
adapting one's current understandings to incorporate new information.
Term
assimilation
Definition
interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas.
Term
intimacy
Definition
in Erickson's theory, the ability to form close relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.
Term
menopause
Definition
the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.
Term
developmental psychology
Definition
a branch of psychology that studies physical, coginitive, and social change throughout the lifespan.
Term
social clock
Definition
a culturally preferred timing of social events, such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.
Term
teratogens
Definition
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.
Term
object permanence
Definition
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.
Term
puberty
Definition
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.
Term
rooting reflex
Definition
a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touche, open the mouth, and search for the nipple.
Term
maturation
Definition
biological growth process that enables orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by behavior.
Term
primary sex characteristic
Definition
the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make reproduction possible.
Term
Alzheimer's disease
Definition
a progressive and irreversable brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning.
Term
adolescence
Definition
the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.
Term
zygote
Definition
the fetilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.
Term
fetal alcohol syndrome
Definition
physical and coginitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking; in severe cases, symptoms indlude noticeable facial misproportions.
Term
secondary sex characteristics
Definition
nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, or male voice quality and body hair.
Term
cross-sectional study
Definition
a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.
Term
habituation
Definition
decreasing repsonsiveness with repeated stimulation; as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.
Term
autism
Definition
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind.
Term
concrete operational stage
Definition
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain their mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.
Term
critical period
Definition
an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.
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