Term
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Definition
| processes all of the body’s information |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
| includes all of the other nerves in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| controls all of our voluntary muscle movements. It is connected to the motor cortex in the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| controls the automatic functions of the body and connects the brain to the heart, lungs, internal organs, glands, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| also responsible for actions associated with stress and perceived threats |
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Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| mobilizes the body to respond to stress. It is our alert system. |
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Term
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| returns the body to a normal state after a stressful encounter. |
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Term
| Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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Definition
| Electrodes are placed on the scalp that amplify recordings of the waves of electrical activity across the brain’s outer surface (cerebral cortex). |
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Term
| Computed Tomography (CT or CAT Scan) |
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Definition
| A series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of the brain’s structures |
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Term
| Position Emission Tomography (PET Scan) |
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Definition
| A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. |
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Term
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
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Definition
| uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that allow us to see structures within the brain in great detail |
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Term
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Definition
| Lesioning is the removal or destruction of part of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
There are five main regions of the forebrain to study:
The Cerebral Cortex
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Hippocampus |
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Term
| The CEREBRAL CORTEX is the intricate, wrinkled covering of the brain (FISSURES) |
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Definition
| In addition to interneurons, it contains GLIAL CELLS, which guide neural connections, provide nutrients to myelin, and mop up neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| two hemispheres of the brain are connected by the |
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Term
| hemispheric specialization |
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Definition
| Each hemisphere of the brain has different functions |
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Term
| The Brain’s Left Hemisphere |
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Definition
Language
Math
Logic
Analytic Thought
Scientific Thought
Reasoning |
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Term
| The Brain’s Right Hemisphere |
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Definition
Spatial abilities
Face recognition
Visual imagery
Music
Creativity
Emotional Instincts |
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Term
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Definition
The FRONTAL LOBE
The PARIETAL LOBE
The OCCIPITAL LOBE
The TEMPORAL LOBE |
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Term
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Definition
| Mostly involved in abstract thought, speaking, muscle movements, making plans, and judgments |
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Term
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Definition
| there is an association area called Broca’s Area |
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Term
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Definition
| controls language expression and the muscle’s involved with producing speech |
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Term
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Definition
| sends messages back to the muscles of the body in order to control voluntary movements. |
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Term
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Definition
| includes the sensory (or somato-sensory) cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| registers and processes touch sensations, temperature, pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| play important roles in integrating sensory touch information, and in the handling and manipulation of objects. |
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Term
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Definition
| audio processing, and may extend to comprehension, naming, verbal memory and other language functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| there is an association area called Wernicke’s Area |
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Term
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Definition
| interprets both written and spoken language. |
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Term
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Definition
a disorder of either Broca’s or Wernicke’s areas.
You may be able to comprehend, but cannot intelligibly communicate, or vice-versa. |
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Term
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Definition
| characterizes patients as people who have loss the production of complete sentence structures in speech and writing |
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Term
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Definition
| aphasia speak in long, uninterrupted sentences; however, the words used are frequently unnecessary or even made-up. They have a great deal of difficulty understanding other people's speech, sometimes to the point of being unable to understand spoken or written language at all |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for processing visual information. |
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Term
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Definition
| thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and the amygdala |
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Term
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Definition
| receives sensory input from all of the senses except smell, and routes it to the proper area of the brain for processing |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for several maintenance activities, including eating, drinking, body temperature, and sexual arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| also relays communication between the brain and the endocrine system, via the pituitary gland, and then monitors the hormones released into the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| transferring short term memory to long term memory |
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Term
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Definition
Processes and recognizes emotions, especially those tied to anger, disgust, fear
Stores emotions |
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Term
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Definition
assists in:
Motor control, Hearing, Alertness and sleep/wake cycles, Temperature regulation |
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Term
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Definition
responsible for:
Visual tracking
Relaying audio and visual information to the cerebellum
Pain sensations
Attentiveness and consciousness
Selective attention |
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Term
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Definition
| oldest and innermost region of the brain. It independently controls most life-sustaining functions of the body |
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Term
| brain areas associated with the Hindbrain: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Involuntary functions such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| coordinates voluntary movements and fine motor skills |
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Term
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Definition
responsible for
Sleep
Respiration
Swallowing
Bladder control
Eye movement
Facial expressions
Posture
Sleep paralysis
Generates the dreams of REM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the study of the parts and function of neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| individual nerve cells that combine to create the body’s nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
Afferent Neurons
Interneurons
Efferent Neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for taking information from the senses TO the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| located in the spinal cord and the brain, and are primarily responsible for processing information |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for taking information FROM the brain and the spinal cord back to the rest of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| controlled by the spinal cord and brain stem without any conscious effort on behalf of the upper brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Thin, branching fibers attached to the cell body that are lined with receptors from which the dendrite receives information from other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains the nucleus and other parts of the cell needed to sustain life |
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Term
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Definition
| control the activities of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Wire-like structure ending in the terminal buttons that extends from the cell body and carries messages towards the intended destination (neuron, muscle, gland, etc.) |
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Term
| Myelin Sheath (aslo known as "white matter") |
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Definition
| An insulating, fatty covering around the axon that speeds neural transmissions. Made of Schwann cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Provide for the growth of the myelin sheath |
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Term
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Definition
| Regularly spaced gaps in the myelin sheath around an axon or nerve fiber. This is where depolarization takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| branched end of the axon that contains neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| space between the terminal buttons on one neuron and dendrites of the next neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemicals contained in the terminal buttons that enable neurons to communicate. Neurotransmitters fit into receptor sites on the dendrites of neurons like a key fits into a lock |
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Term
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Definition
| a pre-set level of stimulation that needs to be met or exceeded in order for it to pass the received impulses on to the next neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| If enough neurotransmitters have been sent, the next neuron will fire. If not, the message ends. There are no half-charges or lesser messages sent. |
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Term
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Definition
| a brief period of time before it can fire again |
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Term
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Definition
| excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron |
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Term
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Definition
Enables muscle action, REM sleep, and memory
Undersupply marks Alzheimer’s disease |
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Term
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Definition
plays a part in the motor control over voluntary movements,
Excessive dopamine receptor activity is linked to schizophrenia; a lack of dopamine produces the tremors and lack of mobility of Parkinson’s disease. |
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Term
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Definition
Affects mood, hunger, temperature regulation, sleep, and arousal
Undersupply is linked to depression |
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Term
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Definition
Helps to control alertness, dreaming, waking from sleep, reactions to stress
Undersupply can depress mood |
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Term
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Definition
Neural inhibitor with a tranquilizing effect.
Undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia. |
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Term
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Definition
Involved in memory
Oversupply can overstimulate the brain, producing migraines or seizures |
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Term
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Definition
| Natural opiates (pain killers) that are released in response to pain and vigorous exercise |
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Term
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Definition
| Adrenaline Burst of Energy (small amounts in brain) |
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Term
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Definition
| may either speed up the neural process, cause an over-release or absorption of a neurotransmitter, or block the re-uptake process. |
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Term
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Definition
Cocaine – blocks the re-uptake of dopamine
MDMA (Ecstasy) – excessive release of serotonin |
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