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Definition
| depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence that depend on the use of two eyes. |
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| the processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision; contrasts with step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving. |
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| retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions; detech detail and give rise to color sensations. |
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| a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sounds waves trigger nerve impulses. |
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| uses our experiences and out expectations to interpert our sensations. |
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| the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount). |
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| the study of the relationship between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our experience of them. |
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| auditory form of inattentional blindness. |
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Definition
| the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. |
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| retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond. |
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| the unit that measures sound energy. |
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| below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness. |
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Definition
| the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second). |
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Definition
| hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sounds waves to the cochlea. |
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Definition
| the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window. |
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Term
| sensorineural hearing loss |
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Definition
| hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness. |
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Definition
| the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells located there. |
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Definition
| cells that converge to form the optic nerve which carries visual information to the brain. |
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Definition
| cells of the cones that directly communicate with the visual cortex. |
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Definition
| the process by which sensory receptors and neurons receive and represent stimulus energies from our enivronment. |
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Definition
| what the pitch of a sound is derived from: |
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Definition
| the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude. |
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Definition
| the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. |
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Term
| Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory |
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Definition
| the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors--one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue--which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color. |
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Definition
| a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve throughy electrodes threaded into the cochlea. |
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Definition
| conversion of one form of energy into another; in sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, souds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret. |
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Definition
| determined by the amplitude of a sound wave. |
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Definition
| a theory predicting how and when we detect the presense of a faint stimulus ("signal") amind background stimulation ("noise"); assumes there is no single absolute threshold and detection depends on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue. |
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Term
| informative changes in the environment |
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Definition
| sensory adaption illustrates that sensation is designed to focus on: |
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Definition
| the process by which they eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina. |
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Definition
| a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency. |
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Definition
| a condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects because distant objects focus in the front of the retina. |
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Definition
| a rign of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening. |
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Definition
| a tight membrane that vibrates when sound waves are channeled from the outer ear. |
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Definition
| the sense or act of smelling. |
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Definition
| a condition that a brain-damaged person may demonstrate by responding to a stimulus that is not consciously perceived. |
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Definition
| a condition which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind the retina. |
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Definition
| analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information. |
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Term
| (1) hammer, (2) anvil, and (3) stirrup |
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Definition
| the three bones that make up the piston in the middle ear. |
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Definition
| by what two differences do we locate sound in relation to our ears. |
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Definition
| the inner most part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. |
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Definition
| what the experience of colors relies on, in regarg to a seen object: |
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Definition
| in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated. |
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Definition
| the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences taste. |
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Definition
| the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes the shape to help focus images on the retina. |
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Definition
| information processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we contruct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations. |
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Definition
| certain neurons in the occipital lobe that only respond to specific features of what is viewed. |
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Definition
| perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if hanging illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object. |
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Definition
| the sense or act of hearing. |
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Definition
| a sensation of pain in an amputated leg. |
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Definition
| the central focal point in the retina; around which the eye's cones cluster. |
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Definition
| the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enables color vision; for example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green. |
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Definition
| the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts. |
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Definition
| condition where people have a ringing-in-the-ears sensation caused by hearing loss. |
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Definition
| odors evoke memories and feelings in the: |
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Definition
| nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement. |
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Definition
| the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception memory, or response. |
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Definition
| the "meaty" taste; also known as the fifth taste. |
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Definition
| theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass onto the brain; the "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information from the brain. |
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Definition
| diminshed sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. |
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Definition
| in hearing, the theory that the roate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense pitch. |
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Definition
| the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance. |
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Definition
| the dimenstion of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; waht we know as the color names, blue, green, and so forth. |
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Term
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Definition
| the adjecutable opening in the center of the eye which light enters. |
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Definition
| the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time. |
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Term
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Definition
| the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. |
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Term
| just noticeable difference |
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Definition
| another term for the difference threshold. |
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Term
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Definition
| cells connected to the rods and cones that are activated by the neural signals they producel in turn, these activate ganglion cells that converge to form the optic nerve. |
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Term
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Definition
| the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin processing of visual information. |
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