Term
| unconditioned stimulus (US) |
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally--naturally and automatically--triggers a response. |
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| operant chamber (Skinner Box) |
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Definition
| a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking; used in operant conditioning research. |
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| an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. |
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| the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned repsonse; in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. |
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| learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. |
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| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reuinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. |
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| associations with previous highs that drug users, through classical conditioning, often develop cravings when they encounter. |
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| early twentieth century psychologist who urged psychologists to discard references to mental concepts in favor of studying observable behavior. |
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| learning by observing others. |
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| a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli; a neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. |
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Definition
| the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when a unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. |
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| social psychologist who is best known for research on observational learning. |
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| the process of observing and initiating a specific behavior. |
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| an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. |
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| Russian physiologist who first explored classical conditioning. |
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| psychologist whose sexual conditioning studies with quail demonstrated that classical conditioning is highly adaptive because it helps animals survive and reproduce. |
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| cocept that many psychologists and economists believe that people's spending behavior is controlled by its consequences. |
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| a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. |
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| a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment. |
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| an aversive consequence that often decreases the likelyhood of the behavior that preceded it; often leads to depression and/or a sense of helplessness; opposite of reinforcement. |
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| positive, constructive, helpful behavior; the opposite of antisocial behavior. |
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Definition
| reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response, but much greater resistence to extinction than does continues reinforcement. |
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| the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes; most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not (2). |
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Definition
| in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. |
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| learning that certain event occur together; these events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning). |
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| a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake. |
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Term
| unconditioned response (UR) |
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. |
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| an event that decreases the behavior it follows. |
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| the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. |
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Term
| conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevent stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US) comes to trigger a conditioned response. |
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Definition
| increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock; any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response; is not a punishment. |
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| reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. |
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Definition
| in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. |
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Definition
| in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. |
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| frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so; the brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation, language, learning, and empathy. |
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| a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. |
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| Thorndike's principle that behaviros followed be favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. |
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| a mental representation of the layout of one's environment; for example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. |
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| in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral, but now conditioned stimulus (CS). |
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| the tendency, once a reponse has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. |
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| when animals revert to their biologically predisposed patterns. |
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| a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer. |
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| cognitive processes & biological predispositions |
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Definition
| both classical and operant conditioning are subject to influences from: |
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| behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. |
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| behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning. |
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| a situation, event, or signal that a certain response will be reinforced. |
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| increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food; any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. |
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