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AP Psychology Mrs. Ludin P. 7
Chapter 10 Memory
58
Psychology
11th Grade
09/04/2008

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Term
Memory
Definition
A system that allows retention and retrieval of what is learned
Term
Episodic
Definition
A personal experience, memory of specific event in specific sequences (ex: favorite memory sharing)
Term
Semantic
Definition
general knowledge, fact, or meaning (ex: 50 states)
Term
Procedural
Definition
memory of skill, muscle-memory, body-mind connection, extremely powerful (ex: riding a bike)
Term
Processing
Definition
changing information so we can place it in our memory
Term
Encoding
Definition
process of choosing which information is to be stored and transforming it into a form that can be saved
Term
selective attention
Definition
what is important at the moment. able to be sorted through so that your senses don't go on overload
Term
Storage
Definition
Term
Retrieval
Definition
locating stored information and returning it to consciousness
Term
Visual Codes
Definition
mental pictures
Term
Acoustic Codes
Definition
talking, saying outloud; means of preserving information
Term
Three box Model
Definition
Information processing model created by Atkinson and Shiffrin
Term
Sensory Memory
Definition
Using your senses. Unlimited capacity and limited storage time. Information lost because it is not encoded. Use the frontal lobe to store sensory information
Term
Echoic
Definition
Sensory memory that lasts 2 seconds
Term
Iconic
Definition
Short term memory that uses visual or mental representations that lasts 1/2 a second
Term
Serial position effect
Definition
Also known as primacy effect. People seem to remember the first and last of everything better than the middle.
Term
Chunking
Definition
AKA grouping. Ideal number of things to study is 7 because 7 things is retained effectively and easily. Organize things into groups by outlining
Term
Rote
Definition
Mechanical memorization based on repetition (ABCs, Multiplication tables)
Term
Displacement
Definition
chunks disappear from short term memory when new items are added.
Term
Long Term Memory
Definition
Information is lost if you fail to retrieve it. It has unlimited capacity and is stored in the hippocampus
Term
Consolidation
Definition
Long term memory becomes durable
Term
Schemas
Definition
Way of mentally representing the world that can influence the perception of persons, objects, and situations.
Term
Eye Witness Accounts
Definition
Main points you notice: 1. Clothes: named first, but always change 2. Race: Less accurate about describing a person with a different race 3. Accuracy imporves with two or more eye witnesses 4. Influenced by schema(past-experiences/ view of the world) 5. Hypnosis is not always valuable in these cases (distorted) not acceptable evidence in court
Term
Decay Theory
Definition
information will be lost if not accessed
Term
Maintenance Rehearsal
Definition
Repeating/tedious and unrealiable
Term
Elaborative Rehearsal
Definition
relating new material to what you already know - it is more effective; instantaneous and fool-proof
Term
Flashbulb Memory (who identified it)
Definition
Tend to remember events under unusual or emotional circumstances has evolutionary significance (earthquake, 9/11, JFK) identifies by Roger Brown and James Kulak
Term
Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
Definition
AKA TOT; Temporary inability to remember
Term
Context-Dependent Memory
Definition
Information is better retrieved if in the emotional state when you first experienced it (happy v sad while taking test, happy v sad when you learned the information)
Term
Declarative Memories
Definition
Knowing that something is true without discussion. (Mom's name: Katharina)
Term
Explicit Memories
Definition
Intentional recollection - actively try to remember
Term
Implicit Memories
Definition
Unintentional memories we don't consciously think about
Term
Eidetic
Definition
photography memory particularly for numbers
Term
It is not the _______, but the ________ of processing (shallow/_____) that determines the _______ information will be retained.
Definition
stages
depth
deep
extent the
Term
Deja vu
Definition
Cues from the present overlap those from the past. An eerie experience of having been there before.
Term
Measure retention
Definition
retrieval
Term
Recognition
Definition
Encountered it before, you can identify it
Term
Recall
Definition
More difficult than recognition - have to make connections or fill in the blank
Term
Relearning
Definition
Easier the 2nd time through - forget most rapidly right after material is learned
As time elapses, slower rate of forgetting
Term
Interference
Definition
Forget long/short term material because newly learned material interferes with it
Term
Retroactive
Definition
learning new information interferes with recall of older information
Term
Proactive
Definition
older information learned previously interferes with recall of information learned more recently (learning a bat swing and switching the swing later in life)
Term
Confabulation
Definition
Fuse what happens to other with what happens to you (Rose Gauthier and her sister)
Term
Repression
Definition
Motivated forgetting normally with painful memories, unacceptable ideas.
Term
Elizabeth Loftus
Definition
Psychologist at UCI, who found that oftentimes many recovered memories are false and leading questions are asked.
Term
Piaget
Definition
Swiss psyhologist who at a young age was told he was kidnapped and his nurse saved him, only to find out at his nurse made th story up to keep her job ( his parents were thinking of letting her go)
Term
Infantile Amnesia
Definition
What Piaget encountered because children's brains aren't developed ( hippocampus and _______) so no memories actually occur before the age of 3
Term
McMartin Preschool
Definition
Preschool teachers accused of molestation by children after the children were asked extremely leading questions. Children later recounted their story, but at the time they made it all up.
Term
Amnesia
Definition
Memory loss
Term
Organic Memory Loss
Definition
Head injury or tumor causing memory loss
Term
Psychogenic Cuse
Definition
Amnesia caused by emotional stress
Term
Anterograde
Definition
Memory loss following trauma ( remember car ride and crash but nothing after that)
Term
Retrograde
Definition
Memory loss prior to the trauma ( can't remember car ride or crash)
Term
Source Amnesia
Definition
(Source misattribution) inability to distinguish your experience from what you are told about it.
Term
Reminiscence Bump
Definition
When in your 70s/80s you can remember childhood but not most of your adulthood or adolscence
Term
Methods of Improving Memory
Definition
1. Pay attention when first encoding
2 Use as man ways as possible to encode.
3. Relate knew information to what is already known (examples)
4. Rehearse throughly and review periodically
5. Test yourself frequently
6. Take time for rest, relaxation and sleep to prevent interference.
Term
Mnemonic Devices
Definition
Systems of remembering information
Term
Alzheimer's Disease
(plaques, tangles)
Definition
Progressive form of metnal deterioration that affects memory, language and problem solving
1. Affects 4 million Americans
2. Genetic Link
3. Plaques: degenerative brain tissue
4. Tangles: twisted bundles of nerve cells
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