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| A system that allows retention and retrieval of what is learned |
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| A personal experience, memory of specific event in specific sequences (ex: favorite memory sharing) |
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| general knowledge, fact, or meaning (ex: 50 states) |
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| memory of skill, muscle-memory, body-mind connection, extremely powerful (ex: riding a bike) |
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| changing information so we can place it in our memory |
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| process of choosing which information is to be stored and transforming it into a form that can be saved |
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| what is important at the moment. able to be sorted through so that your senses don't go on overload |
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| locating stored information and returning it to consciousness |
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| talking, saying outloud; means of preserving information |
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| Information processing model created by Atkinson and Shiffrin |
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| Using your senses. Unlimited capacity and limited storage time. Information lost because it is not encoded. Use the frontal lobe to store sensory information |
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| Sensory memory that lasts 2 seconds |
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| Short term memory that uses visual or mental representations that lasts 1/2 a second |
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| Also known as primacy effect. People seem to remember the first and last of everything better than the middle. |
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| AKA grouping. Ideal number of things to study is 7 because 7 things is retained effectively and easily. Organize things into groups by outlining |
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| Mechanical memorization based on repetition (ABCs, Multiplication tables) |
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| chunks disappear from short term memory when new items are added. |
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| Information is lost if you fail to retrieve it. It has unlimited capacity and is stored in the hippocampus |
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| Long term memory becomes durable |
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| Way of mentally representing the world that can influence the perception of persons, objects, and situations. |
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| Main points you notice: 1. Clothes: named first, but always change 2. Race: Less accurate about describing a person with a different race 3. Accuracy imporves with two or more eye witnesses 4. Influenced by schema(past-experiences/ view of the world) 5. Hypnosis is not always valuable in these cases (distorted) not acceptable evidence in court |
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| information will be lost if not accessed |
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| Repeating/tedious and unrealiable |
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| relating new material to what you already know - it is more effective; instantaneous and fool-proof |
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| Flashbulb Memory (who identified it) |
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| Tend to remember events under unusual or emotional circumstances has evolutionary significance (earthquake, 9/11, JFK) identifies by Roger Brown and James Kulak |
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| Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon |
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| AKA TOT; Temporary inability to remember |
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| Information is better retrieved if in the emotional state when you first experienced it (happy v sad while taking test, happy v sad when you learned the information) |
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| Knowing that something is true without discussion. (Mom's name: Katharina) |
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| Intentional recollection - actively try to remember |
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| Unintentional memories we don't consciously think about |
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| photography memory particularly for numbers |
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| It is not the _______, but the ________ of processing (shallow/_____) that determines the _______ information will be retained. |
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stages
depth
deep
extent the |
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| Cues from the present overlap those from the past. An eerie experience of having been there before. |
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| Encountered it before, you can identify it |
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| More difficult than recognition - have to make connections or fill in the blank |
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Easier the 2nd time through - forget most rapidly right after material is learned
As time elapses, slower rate of forgetting |
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| Forget long/short term material because newly learned material interferes with it |
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| learning new information interferes with recall of older information |
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| older information learned previously interferes with recall of information learned more recently (learning a bat swing and switching the swing later in life) |
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| Fuse what happens to other with what happens to you (Rose Gauthier and her sister) |
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| Motivated forgetting normally with painful memories, unacceptable ideas. |
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| Psychologist at UCI, who found that oftentimes many recovered memories are false and leading questions are asked. |
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| Swiss psyhologist who at a young age was told he was kidnapped and his nurse saved him, only to find out at his nurse made th story up to keep her job ( his parents were thinking of letting her go) |
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| What Piaget encountered because children's brains aren't developed ( hippocampus and _______) so no memories actually occur before the age of 3 |
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| Preschool teachers accused of molestation by children after the children were asked extremely leading questions. Children later recounted their story, but at the time they made it all up. |
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| Head injury or tumor causing memory loss |
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| Amnesia caused by emotional stress |
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| Memory loss following trauma ( remember car ride and crash but nothing after that) |
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| Memory loss prior to the trauma ( can't remember car ride or crash) |
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| (Source misattribution) inability to distinguish your experience from what you are told about it. |
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| When in your 70s/80s you can remember childhood but not most of your adulthood or adolscence |
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| Methods of Improving Memory |
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1. Pay attention when first encoding
2 Use as man ways as possible to encode.
3. Relate knew information to what is already known (examples)
4. Rehearse throughly and review periodically
5. Test yourself frequently
6. Take time for rest, relaxation and sleep to prevent interference. |
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| Systems of remembering information |
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Alzheimer's Disease
(plaques, tangles) |
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Progressive form of metnal deterioration that affects memory, language and problem solving
1. Affects 4 million Americans
2. Genetic Link
3. Plaques: degenerative brain tissue
4. Tangles: twisted bundles of nerve cells |
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