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AP Psychology Exam
ap psych class flashcards
84
Psychology
11th Grade
05/10/2008

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Albert Ellis
Definition
Came up with Rational Emotive Therapy
Term
Rational Emotive behavior therapy
Definition
Rational emotive behaviour therapy focuses on uncovering irrational beliefs which may lead to unhealthy negative emotions and replacing them with more productive rational alternatives
Term
Alfred Adler
Definition
Inferiority complex- people develop personality to make up for physical deficits
Term
Babinsky response
Definition
An important neurologic examination based upon what the big toe does when the sole of the foot is stroked. If the big toe goes up, that may mean trouble.
Term
Cannon's critique of James-Lange theory
Definition
The physiological changes accompanying qualitatively different emotions are often very similar.
Term
James-Lange Theory
Definition

The proposition that emotions are caused by bodily sensations.

 

body reaction-->emotion

Term
Cannon-Bard Theory
Definition

People feel emotions first and then act upon them (acting includes physiological responce)

 

Emotion --> body reaction

Term
Carol Gilligan
Definition
Critiqued Kolhberg's theory that there is a moral ladder--such an idea is male dominated. She believed that people, especially women, move up and down the ladder and sometimes focus on social health over theoretical ethics.
Term
Four kinds of conflicts
Definition

interpersonal

person – group

inter-group

internal

Term
Clever hans experiment
Definition
Animals supposedly have intelligence equal to humans
Term
cerebral cortex
Definition
The cerebral cortex is a structure within the brain that plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness
Term
cerebrum
Definition
movement, language, memory
Term
Parietal Lobe
Definition

The parietal lobe integrates sensory information, determines spatial sense and navigation.

 

Term
cross sectional studies
Definition
studies across people of different ages
Term
Daniel Goleman
Definition

emotional intelligence is more important than other kinds

Term

most common treatment for depression

Definition
tryclyclic antidepressants
Term
dominant responses
Definition
intuitive assumptions regarding stereotypes of group, may not be correct
Term
engram
Definition
a hypothetical means by which memory traces are stored
Term
Wiegal's research on visual processing
Definition
Term
feature analysis
Definition
The sensory system breaks down the incoming stimuli into its features and processes the information. Some features may be more important for recognition than others.
Term
Francis Galton
Definition
Term

Gansfeld Procedure

Definition
experimental design which supposedly enables people who claim to have. mental telepathy to read the minds of others
Term
genotype v. phenotype
Definition
"Genotype" is an organism's full hereditary information, even if not expressed. "Phenotype" is an organism's actual observed properties, such as morphology, development, or behavior
Term
gustatory sense
Definition
detects only sweet, salty, sour, bitter
Term
Hawthorne Effect
Definition
a short-term improvement caused by observing worker performance.
Term
histogram
Definition
[image]
Term
hybrid
Definition
Term
identification v. internalization
Definition

identification- Freud used 'identification' to describe how his patients related to other people

 

internalization-we incorporate aspects of the outside world to form components of our own psyche, generally of morals, norms, and their taboos.

Term
induced motion
Definition
Induced motion is the altered perceived velocity/direction of target motion by background motion
Term
internal consistancy reliability
Definition
Internal consistency estimates reliability by grouping questions in a questionnaire that measure the same concept- used to judge the consistency of results across items on the same test
Term
John Garcia
Definition

limits of conditioning

 

1. rats can develop aversions even if the sickness comes well after eating the food

 

2. they develop aversions to food, but not to sounds, sights, etc.

 

3. can develop aversion even after only one trial

Term
Karen Horney
Definition
Girls envy male power, not body parts. (take that Freud)
Term
Kubler Ross
Definition
Stages of Dying
Term
learning curve
Definition
Term
Limbic system structures and fuctions
Definition

Amygdala- strong emotions

Hippocampus- memory

Hypothalamus-blood pressure, heart rate, hunger, thirst, sexual arousal, and the sleep/wake cycle

thalamus- message center

Term
linear perspective
Definition
[image]
Term
linkage analysis
Definition
Study aimed at establishing linkage between genes
Term
long term potentiation
Definition
is the persistent increase in synaptic strength following high-frequency stimulation of a chemical synapse-- suggests learning
Term
milieu therapy
Definition
the patient's social environment is manipulated for his benefit
Term
What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Test used for?
Definition

identifying personality structure

 

help identify personal, social, and behavioral problems in psychiatric patients.

 

 aid in problem identification, diagnosis, and treatment planning for the patient.

Term
motion aftereffect
Definition
viewing a moving visual stimulus for about a minute and then looking at stationary stimulus. The stationary stimulus appears to move slightly
Term
motion parallax
Definition
apparent shift of an object against the background that is caused by a change in the observer's position
Term
role of hypothalmus in obesity
Definition
controls hunger, may release lepin-->less hunger
Term
operationalizing a definition
Definition
defining a fuzzy concept so as to make the concept measurable in form of (variables) consisting of specific observations
Term
opponent-process theory of emotions
Definition
When one emotion is experienced, the other is suppressed. If you are feeling afraid, you can't feel relieved at the same time.
Term
opponent-process theory of visual processing
Definition

afterimages

view one color, suppress the opposite

Term
optic disk
Definition
location where ganglion cell axons exit the eye to form the optic nerve
Term
ganglia
Definition
type of neuron typically located near the inner surface of the retina of the eye that receives visual information from photoreceptors via two intermediate neuron types (bipolar cells and amacrine cells).
Term
how to treat panic attacks
Definition

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

anti-anxiety medication- benzodiazepine

antidepressants

paper-bag breathing

 

Term
phenylketonuria (PKU)
Definition
is a genetic disorder that is characterized by an inability of the body to utilize the essential amino acid, phenylalanine
Term
phonemes vs. morphemes
Definition

The smallest unit of a natural language, according to the structural grammarian, is the phoneme.  A phoneme is a class of sounds

 

Phonemes are combined to make morphemes.  Morphemes are the minimal meaningful units of a language. (Ex. dog)

Term

pineal gland

 

(function and what makes it unique)

Definition
small endocrine gland in the brain; produces melatonin which regulates sleeping patterns
Term
Premack Principle
Definition

more probable behaviors will reinforce less probable behaviors.

 

if a student wants to perform a given activity, the student will perform a less desirable activity to get at the more desirable activity.

Term
TAT
Definition

projective test

 [image]

The TAT is popularly known as the picture interpretation technique because it uses a standard series of 30 provocative yet ambiguous pictures about which the subject must tell a story.

Term
Rorschach
Definition

projective inkblot test

[image]

Term
Rational Emotive Therapy
Definition

 

a psychotherapeutic approach which proposes that unrealistic and irrational beliefs cause many emotional problems.

 

resolves emotional and behavioral problems and disturbances and enabling people to lead happier and more fulfilling lives.

 

Ellis's form of cognitive behavioral therapy

Term
reflex arc
Definition
neural pathway that mediates a reflex action
Term
Robert Rescorla's findings on conditioning
Definition
against pavlov
Term
sexual identity
Definition
how you see yourself physically: male or female.
Term
gender identity
Definition
how you see yourself socially as female or male
Term
shaping
Definition

reinforcing successive approximations and not reinforcing behavior past approximating

 

operant conditioning

Term
sleeper effect
Definition
a psychological phenomenon whereby a highly persuasive message, paired with a discounting cue, causes an individual to be more persuaded by the message (rather than less persuaded) over time
Term
social-cognitive theory
Definition
an individual's knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences
Term
somatoform disorders
Definition
Physical symptoms that seem as if they are part of a general medical condition, however no general medical condition, other mental disorder, or substance is present.
Term
Major somatoform disorders
Definition
  • Pain disorder – appears largely to come from the patients psychological factors
  •  

  • Conversion disorder – is where the patient’s senses of mobility are impaired with no cause only stress being the main factor.
  •  

  • Hypochondriasis – you think you're sick. is mostly related to the stresses that one faces in life, it is marked by fear and lack of assurance.
  • Term

    Where is the somatosensory cortex located? What sense is it used for?

     

     

    Definition

    Located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe on the outside of the brain

     

    Used for touch (pressure, warm/cold, pain)

    Term
    Schachter's Two Factor Theory
    Definition
    a social psychology theory that views emotion as having two components (factors): physiological arousal and cognition- label the emotion
    Term
    Tay-Sachs disease
    Definition
    a genetic disorder, fatal in its most common variant
    Term

    What sense doesn't get routed through the thalamus?

    Definition
    smell
    Term
    thyroid gland
    Definition
    The thyroid controls how quickly the body burns energy, makes proteins, and how sensitive the body should be to other hormones
    Term
    Turner's syndrome
    Definition
    Instead of the normal XX sex chromosomes for a female, only one X chromosome is present and fully functional
    Term

    water balance

    Definition

    role of hypothalamus

     

    lets us know when we are thirsty

    Term
    William Penfield research on the brain
    Definition
    he treated patients with severe epilepsy by destroying nerve cells in the brain where the seizures originated; allowed him to create maps of the sensory and motor cortices of the brain
    Term
    androgyny
    Definition
    a condition of being neither clearly male or female; having characteristics of both
    Term

    kinds of validity

    Definition

    Content validity: How representative of a content domain are items or tasks in a test? Are they a good sample of the total subject-matter content?

     

    Construct validity: How well does an instrument measure some theoretical construct of interest (usually in quotes). Do students who score high on "xyz" actually have a high performance on some activity?

    Term
    vestibular sense
    Definition
    The vestibular sense tells you which way is up, how your body is oriented in relation to up, and how your body is moving in space
    Term
    Wilhelm Wundt
    Definition
    structualism
    Term
    William James
    Definition
    fuctionalism
    Term
    haptic memory
    Definition
    sensory memory for touch
    Term
    syllogism
    Definition
    a form of argument that contains a major premise, a minor premise and a conclusion.
    Term
    expectancy theory
    Definition
    mental set- you go in to face a problem a certain way based on previous experiences
    Term
    Cooper
    Definition

    reserach on visual processing using cats

    if they lived with horizontal lines, they had trouble with vertical ones

    Term
    primacy effect
    Definition
    the first few items are recalled more frequently than the middle items
    Term
    Yerkes/Dodson Arousal Law
    Definition

    performance increases with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to a point

    [image]

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