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AP Psychology Chapter 9
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Psychology
11th Grade
02/09/2012

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Term
developmental psychology
Definition
studies how organisms change over a period of time
Term
nature/nurture issue
Definition
argument deciding whether or not an organism's behavior is determined by innate factors (nature) or its environment (nurture)
Term
interaction
Definition
in which forces work together/influence each other
Term
continuity view
Definition
development is gradual and continuous
Term
discontinuity view
Definition
development proceeds in an uneven fashion
Term
prenatal period
Definition
developmental period before birth
Term
zygote
Definition
fertilized egg
Term
embryo
Definition
name for developing organism during first 8 weeks after conception
Term
fetus
Definition
name for developing organism between embryonic stage and birth
Term
placenta
Definition
organ interface between embryo/fetus and mother
Term
teratogens
Definition
outside substances that could cause damage to a developing organism
Term
neonatal period
Definition
first month after birth
Term
attachment
Definition
enduring social-emotional relationship between child and parent/caregiver
Term
imprinting
Definition
primitive form of learning in which organisms follow/form an attachment to first moving object they see/hear
Term
contact comfort
Definition
stimulation and reassurance derived from physical touch of caregiver
Term
maturation
Definition
process by which the genetic program manifests itself over time
Term
schemas
Definition
mental structures/programs that quide a developing child's thought
Term
assimilation
Definition
mental process that categorizes new info into schemas
Term
accomodation
Definition
mental process that changes schemas to better understood new info
Term
Piaget's Stages of Development
Definition
1) sensorimotor stage (birth-2)
2) Preoperational stage ((2-6/7)
3) concrete operational stage (7-11)
4) Formal Operational Stage (11-forever)
Term
sensorimotor stage
Definition
(birth to 2)
child relies on innate motor responses to stimuli
Term
mental representation
Definition
ability to form mental objects/events
Term
object permeance
Definition
realizing that objects continue to exist even when they can't be seen
Term
preoperational stage
Definition
(3 to 6/7)
well-developed mental representation and use of language
(includes egocentrism, animistic thinking, centration, and irreversibility)
Term
egocentrism
Definition
self-centered focus
Term
animistic thinking
Definition
belief that inanimate objects are alive
Term
centration
Definition
inability for child to understand an event because they can only focus on one thing at a time
Term
irreversibility
Definition
inability to think through a series of events and reverse them mentally
Term
concrete operational stage
Definition
(7 to 11)
child understands conservation but is still incapable of abstract thought
Term
conservation
Definition
the understanding that objects stay the same regardless of appearance or if its taken away
Term
mental operations
Definition
solving problems by manipulating them in the head
Term
theory of mind
Definition
awareness that other people's behavior my be influenced by ideas different from one's own
Term
temperament
Definition
individual's characteristic manner of behavior/reaction
Term
zone of proximal development
Definition
(Vygotsky)
difference between what a child can do with and without help
Term
authoritative parent
Definition
warm and attentive to child while still being reasonable and assertive
Term
authoritarian parent
Definition
aka TIGER MOM
Term
permissive parent
Definition
warm and may spoil child with little demands
aka PUSHOVER
Term
uninvolved parent
Definition
detached from child
Term
(Erikson) infancy
Definition
trust vs mistrust
Needs maximum comfort with minimal uncertainty
to trust himself/herself, others, and the environment
Term
(Erikson) Toddler
Definition
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
Works to master physical environment while maintaining
self-esteem
Term
(erikson) preschooler
Definition
Initiative vs Guilt
Begins to initiate, not imitate, activities; develops
conscience and sexual identity
Term
(erikson)School-Age Child
Definition
Industry vs Inferiority
Tries to develop a sense of self-worth by refining skills
Term
(erikson) adolescent
Definition
Identity vs Role Confusion
Tries integrating many roles (child, sibling, student, athlete,
worker) into a self-image under role model and peer pressure
Term
(erikson) young adult
Definition
Intimacy vs Isolation
Learns to make personal commitment to another as
spouse, parent or partner
Term
(erikson) middle age adult
Definition
Generativity vs Stagnation
Seeks satisfaction through productivity in career, family, and
civic interests
Term
(erikson) older adult
Definition
Integrity vs Despair
Reviews life accomplishments, deals with loss
and preparation for death
Term
rites of passage
Definition
social rituals to mark transitions between developmental stages
(like drivers license)
Term
primary sex characteristics
Definition
sex organs/genitals
Term
secondary sex characteristics
Definition
gender related physical features that develop during puberty
Term
formal operational stage
Definition
(11 to death) in which abstract thought appears
Term
kohlberg's stage of moral reasoning
Definition
1) preconventional morality
2) Conventional Morality
3) postconventional morality
Term
preconventional morality
Definition
(kohlberg)
stage 1: doing stuff to avoid pain/getting caught
stage 2: doing stuff to get rewards/mutual benefits
Term
conventional morality
Definition
(kohlberg)
stage 3: doing stuff to get acceptance/avoid disapproval
stage 4: doing stuff to follow rules/avoid penalties
Term
postconventional morality
Definition
stage 5: doing stuff to promote welfare of one's society
stage 6: doing stuff to achieve justice
Term
generativity
Definition
process of making a commitment beyond oneself to family, work, society, or future generations
Term
selective social interaction
Definition
choosing to restrict the number of one's social contacts to those who are the most gratifying
Term
kubler-ross' stages of death and dying
Definition
denial
anger
bargaining
depression
acceptance
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