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AP Psychology Ch.18
Social Psychology
32
Psychology
12th Grade
01/21/2010

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Term
Social Psychology
Definition
scientific study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another.
Term
Attribution theory
Definition
tend to give a causal explanation for someone's behavior, often by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
Term
Fundamental Attribution error
Definition
tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
Term
attitude
Definition
belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people and events.
Term
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
Definition
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small requenst to comply later with a larger request
Term
cognitive dissonance theory
Definition
we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent. When our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.
Term
conformity
Definition
adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
Term
normative social influence
Definition
influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Term
informational social influence
Definition
influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions without reality
Term
social facilitation
Definition
improved performance of task in the presence of others --> occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered
Term
social loafing
Definition
tendency for people in a group to exert less effort
Term
deindividuation
Definition
loss of self-awareness and self-restraing occuring in group situtations that foster arousal and anonymity
Term
groupthink
Definition
mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
Term
prejudice
Definition
unjustificable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members --> Generally involves steriotyped beliefs, negative feelings and predisposition to discriminatory action
Term
ingroup
Definition
"Us" - people with whom one shares a common identity
Term
outgroup
Definition
"Them" - those perceived as different or apart from one's group
Term
ingroup bias
Definition
tendency to favor one's own group
Term
scapegoat theory
Definition
theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
Term
just-world phenomenon
Definition
tendency of peopel to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and desrve what they get
Term
frustration-aggression principle
Definition
frustration creates anger which can generate aggression
Term
conflict
Definition
perceived incompatibility of actions, goals or ideas
Term
social trap
Definition
situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
Term
mere exposure effect
Definition
repated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
Term
passionate love
Definition
aroused state of intense positive absorption in another --> beginning of a love relationship
Term
companionate love
Definition
deep affection/attachment we feel for those with whom our lives intertwined
Term
equity
Definition
condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
Term
self-disclosure
Definition
revealing intimate aspect of oneself to others
Term
altruism
Definition
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Term
bystander effect
Definition
any given bystander will be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
Term
social exchange theory
Definition
social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
Term
superordinate goals
Definition
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
Term
GRIT
Definition
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiaves in Tension-Reduction- strategy designed to decrease international tensions
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