Term
|
Definition
| the scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| early school of psychology that emphasized studying the most basic components or structures of conscious experiences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| early school of psychology that emphasized studying the purpose, or function, of behavior and mental experiences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| school of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasize the study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| school of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasize each person's unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the attitudes, values, beliefs. and behaviors shared by a group of people and communicated from one generation to another |
|
|
Term
| cross-cultural psychology |
|
Definition
| branch of psychology that studies the effects of culture on behavior and mental processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that one's own culture or ethnic group is superior to all others, and the related tendency to use one's own culture as a standard by which to judge other cultures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cultures that emphasize the needs and goals of the individual over the needs and goals of the group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cultures that emphasize the needs and goals of the group over the needs and goals of the individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the application of principles of evolution, including natural selection to explain psychological processes and phenomena. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a set of assumptions, attitudes, and procedures that guide researches in creating questions to investigate, in generating evidence and in drawing conclusions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evidence that is based upon objective observation, measurement, and/or other experimentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a factor that can vary or change in ways that can be observed, measured, and verified. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a precise description of how the variables in a study will be manipulated or measured. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the active process of trying to minimize the influence of preconceptions and biases while rationally evaluating evidence, determining the conclusions, that can be drawn from evidence, and considering alternative explanations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a branch of mathematics used by researches to organize, summarize, and interpret data. |
|
|
Term
| statistically significant |
|
Definition
| a mathematical indication that research results are not very likely to have occurred by chance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a statistical technique that involves combining and analyzing the results of many research studies on a specific topic in order to identify overall trends |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to repeat or duplicate a study in order to increase confidence in the validity of the original findings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tentative explanation that tries to integrate and account for the relationship of various findings and observations |
|
|
Term
| descriptive research methods |
|
Definition
| scientific procedures that involve systematically observing behavior in order to describe the relationship among behaviors and events. |
|
|
Term
| naturalistic observations |
|
Definition
| the systematic observation and recording of behaviors as they occur in their natural setting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a fake or false science that makes claims based on little or no scientific evidence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alleged abilities or events that fall outside the range of normal experience and established scientific explanations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in order for a claim to be scientifically tested and proved true, there must be identifiable evidence that could prove the claim false. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the mistaken belief that two factors or events are related when they are not |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an intensive study of a single individual or small group of individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a questionnaire or interview designed to investigate the opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a particular group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a selected segment of the population used to represent the group that is being studied |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a selected segment that very closely parallels the larger population being studied on relevant characteristics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process in which subjects are selected randomly from a larger group such that every group member has an equal chance of being included int he study |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a research strategy that allows the precise calculation of how strongly related two factors are to each other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a numerical indication of the magnitude and direction of the relationship (the correlation) between two variables. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a finding that two factors vary systematically in the same direction, increasing or decreasing together. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a finding that two factors vary systematically in opposite directions, on increasing as the other decreases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a method of investigation used to demonstrate cause and effect relationships by purposely manipulating one factor thought to produce change in another factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the purposely manipulated factor thought to produce change in an experiment; also called the treatment of interest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the factor that is observed and measured for change in an experiment; thought to be influenced by the independent variable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of assigning participants to experimental conditions so that all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to any of the conditions or groups in the study |
|
|
Term
| experimental group or experimental condition |
|
Definition
| in an experiment, the group of participants who are exposed to all experimental conditions, including the independent variable or treatment of interest |
|
|
Term
| control group or control condition |
|
Definition
| in an experiment, the croup of participants who are exposed to all experimental conditions, except the independent variable or treatment of interest; the group against which changes in the experimental group are compared. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in an experiment, a control group in which the participants are exposed to a fake independent variable, or placebo. the effects of the placebo are compared to the effects of the actual independent variable, or treatment of interest, on the experimental group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any change in performance that results from mere repetition of a task |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes in a subject's behavior produced by the subject's belief that should happen; also called the placebo effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| experimental technique in which neither the participants is aware of the group or condition to which the participants have been assigned. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in research study, subtle cues or signals expressed by the researcher that communicate the kind of response or behavior that is expected from the participant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| branch of psychology that studies the behavior of different animal species |
|
|
