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| The emphasis on ________ is the most distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective. |
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Professor Smith believes that children have an inborn concept of time that enables them to distinguish between the past and the present. Who would have been most likely to disagree with the professor's belief?
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| A humanistic psychologist would focus attention on the importance of people's ______? |
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| Aristotle and John Locke would have been most likely to agree on what? |
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Definition
| self concepts are heavily influenced by life experiences |
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In the context of debates over the origins of psychological traits, nature is to nurture as _______ is to ________ (these are early philosophers).
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| Research participants who carefully observe and report their immediate reactions and feelings in response to different musical sounds are using this method. |
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| Which specialists are the most likely to prescribe a drug for the treatment of a psychological disorder? |
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Term
| What is a biopsychosocial approach? What does it entail? |
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Definition
| A biopsychosocial approach takes into account that biological, psychological, and social influences all factor into human development and functions. |
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| A concern with the reasoning processes that contribute to effective problem solving is most characteristic of the ________ perspective. |
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| Which two philosophers most clearly disagreed about the separability of body and mind? |
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Definition
| Aristotle (soul & body are inseparable) and John Locke (soul & body are separate entities) |
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| What is an inert substance that may be administered instead of a drug to see if it produces any of the same effects as the drug? |
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On a series of coin tosses, Jeff has correctly predicted heads or tails seven times in a row. What is it reasonable to conclude about Jeff’s predictive accuracy?
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Definition
| is a random and coincidental occurrence |
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| Giving half the members of a group some purported psychological finding and the other half an opposite result is an easy way to demonstrate the impact of this |
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| The scientific attitude of humility is most likely to be undermined by this. |
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Definition
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| What is the false consensus effect? Examples? |
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Definition
| an overestimation of how much other people share our beliefs/behaviors; if you and your best friend really like a band, you may believe everyone likes that band, but this is a false consensus effect |
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Term
| In order to exercise maximum control over the factors they are interested in studying, researchers engage in what type of research? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions, but examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluate evidence, and assesses conclusions |
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| With regard to the process of neural transmission, a refractory period refers to a time interval in which what happens? |
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Definition
| Positively charged atoms are pumped back outside the neural membrane |
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Term
| The ovaries in females and the testes in males are part of what system? |
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| A slap on the back is more painful than a pat on the back because a slap causes ______________________ neural impulses. |
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Definition
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| The longest part of a motor neuron is likely to be what? |
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| Neurotransmitters are released from vesicles located on knoblike terminals at the end of what? |
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| Damage to the association areas in the frontal lobe is most likely to interfere with the ability to do this. |
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Definition
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| The release of epinephrine into the bloodstream is most likely to have this impact. |
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Definition
| increased heart rate, blood pressure, muscle strength, and sugar metabolism |
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Term
| The right hemisphere is superior to the left at doing this with people’s faces. |
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| The parasympathetic nervous system is a division of the ________ nervous system. |
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Definition
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| Sheelah was able to jerk her hand out of the scalding water before sensing any pain because this withdrawal reflex was activated by ____________ in her _________________. |
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Definition
| interneurons;spinal chord |
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Definition
| Uses the principles of evolution to explain psychological processes & phenomena. Believe that natural selection plays a key role in determining human behavior. |
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Term
| Men judge women as especially attractive if _______________ and women judge men as especially attractive if they appear ________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| In order to estimate trait heritability, researchers are most likely to make use of this type of studies. |
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Definition
| twin and adoption studies |
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Term
| Compare male and female behavior with regards to sex. |
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Definition
| Males are more likely to have "casual" sex and to have multiple sexual partners than females are. |
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| Given the terms temperament and heritability, which one contributes to male self-identity and which one contributes to female self-identity? |
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Definition
| temperament:male self-identity::heritability:female self-identity |
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| Sets of expected behaviors for males and for females are called __________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Research on brain development suggests that repeated learning experiences seem to do this with neural connections. |
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Definition
| strengthen them at the location that processes the experiences |
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| Which gender shows more signs of interdependence? |
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Definition
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| Men rape women much more frequently than women rape men. This type of psychologist would be most likely explain this in terms of sex differences in reproductive capacity. |
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Definition
| evolutionary psychologist |
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Term
| Deaf culture advocates are most likely to object to the use of cochlear implants for what group? |
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Definition
| young children, before they have learned to sign |
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Term
| Damage to the basilar membrane is most likely to result in what type of deafness? |
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Definition
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Term
| When stabilized retinal images of an initially presented word disappear, new words made up of parts of the initial word will subsequently appear and then vanish. This best illustrates the impact of this type of processing. |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of pain control techniques is emphasized in the Lamaze method of childbirth training? |
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Definition
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Term
| Of the four distinct skin senses, specialized receptor cells have been identified for the sense of this. |
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Definition
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Term
| The patient “E.H.” suffers from prosopagnosia and is unable to recognize her own face in a mirror. Her difficulty stems from a deficiency in this. |
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Definition
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| What does the gate control theory attempt to explain? |
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Definition
| pain, specifically phantom or chronic pain |
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Term
| The most light sensitive receptor cells are the_________. |
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Definition
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Term
| After the invisible word “bread” was quickly flashed and then replaced by a “masking” stimulus, observers detected the related word “butter” much faster than the unrelated word “bubble.” This best illustrates this effect. |
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Definition
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| As the farmer looked across her field, the parallel rows of young corn plants appeared to converge in the distance. This provided her with what type of distance cue? |
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Definition
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| When there is a conflict between bits of information received by two or more senses, which sense tends to dominate the others? |
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Definition
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Term
| There are no specialized neural receptor cells devoted solely to the sense of this. |
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Definition
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| While a student provided directions to a construction worker, two experimenters rudely interrupted by passing between them carrying a door. The student's failure to notice that the construction worker was replaced by a different person during this interruption illustrates this. |
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Definition
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| It has been suggested that experience with the corners of buildings and the rectangular shapes of a carpentered world may contribute to this illusion. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a binocular cue for the perception of distance? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the context of visual perception, what does convergence refer to? |
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Definition
| the turning of our eyes inward to look at an object; the closer an object is, the more inward our eyes have to turn |
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Term
| People are most likely to perceive the steady drip of a leaky water faucet as what type of rhythm? |
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Definition
| a rhythm of two or more beats |
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Term
| After corrective eye surgery, patients blind from birth have the greatest difficulty in visually distinguishing between stimuli that differ in this. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who emphasized that the whole may exceed the sum of its parts? |
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Definition
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| Researchers are most likely to question the value of hypnosis for this. |
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Definition
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Term
| How do adults compare to children regarding night terrors and sleepwalking? |
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Definition
| adults have night terrors and sleepwalk far less frequently than children |
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Term
| These are the immediate effects of Ecstasy. |
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Definition
| increased confidence, feeling of closeness to others and of well-being, anxiety, dilated pupils, jaw clenching, teeth grinding, increased heart rate, body temperature, and blood pressure, nausea, loss of appetite, and sweating |
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Term
| The best indication that dreaming serves a necessary biological function is provided by the fact that most mammals experience this. |
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Definition
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Term
| Research studies of the content of dreams indicate that people are more likely to dream of _____ than _____. |
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Definition
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| Research indicates that hypnotherapy is especially helpful for the treatment of this. |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of sleep disorder would be the most incapacitating for a commercial bus driver? |
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Definition
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Term
| As a sleep-research subject for the past three nights, Tim has been repeatedly disturbed during REM sleep. Tonight, when allowed to sleep undisturbed, Tim will likely experience this. |
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Definition
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Term
| Research has indicated that when research participants are ordered to plunge their hands into what they think is acid, and then to throw the acid in a research assistant's face, they will do: neither, one of them, or both – and in what condition? |
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Definition
| they will do both, whether hypnotized or not |
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Term
| Sodium pentothal has sometimes been called a “truth serum” because it relaxes people and enables them to more freely disclose personally embarrassing experiences. What type of drug is sodium pentothal most likely to be? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mr. Schneider frequently tells his children that it is important to wash their hands before meals, but he rarely does so himself. Experiments suggest that his children will learn to do what? |
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Definition
| preach the virtues of cleanliness but not practice cleanliness |
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Term
| The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves what type of motivation? |
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Definition
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Term
| The study of respondent behavior is to ________ as the study of operant behavior is to ________. (THESE ARE PSYCHOLOGISTS) |
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Definition
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Term
| The taste of food and the termination of painful electric shock are both ________ reinforcers. |
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Definition
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| Operant response rates remain highest when individuals anticipate that their behavior will actually lead to further reinforcement. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning. |
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Definition
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| Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. What are these representations called? |
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Definition
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Term
| The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior called? |
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Definition
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Term
| For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, when should the CS be presented? |
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Definition
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Term
| Words, events, places, and emotions that trigger our memory of the past are called ___________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| When Sperling visually displayed three rows of three letters each for only 1/20th of a second, what did experiment participants recall? |
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Definition
| they had a momentary photographic memory and recalled all nine letters |
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Term
| What techniques used by professional therapists are highly likely to promote the construction of false memories? |
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Definition
| hypnosis, dream analysis, imagination-enhancing exercises |
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Term
| For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory. |
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Definition
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Term
| As compared to long-term memory, short-term memory is ____________ permanent and ____________ limited. |
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Definition
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Term
| Memory experts who express skepticism regarding reports of repressed and recovered memories emphasize ____________________________________________________. |
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Definition
| extremely stressful life experiences are likely to be well remembered |
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Term
| Dario Donatelli could recall more than 70 sequentially presented digits by using this technique. |
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Definition
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Term
| When Hailey told her roommate about the chemistry exam she had just completed, she knowingly exaggerated its difficulty. Subsequently, her memory of the exam was that it was as difficult as she had reported it to be. This best illustrates this effect. |
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Definition
| the misinformation effect |
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Term
| Stockbrokers who market their services with confidence that they can outperform the market average in picking stocks are especially likely to do this. |
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Definition
| appear credible to their customers |
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Term
| A mental set is most likely to inhibit this. |
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Definition
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Term
| Wu believes that some murderers truly love their own children; he also believes that all who truly love their own children are effective parents. Wu's negative attitude toward murderers is so strong, however, that he finds it very difficult to accept the logical conclusion that some murderers are effective parents. His difficulty best illustrates this bias. |
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Definition
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Term
| People's procedural memory of how to open the front door of their house is most likely to consist of this. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they formed has been discredited |
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Term
| Two-year-old Dirk's sentences—“Dad come,” “Mom laugh,” and “Truck gone”—are examples of this phase of speech. |
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Definition
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