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| every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us; external influence. |
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| the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. |
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| threadlike structure made of DNA molecules that contain the genes |
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| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
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| a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. |
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| the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein. |
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| wins who develop from a single (monozygotic) fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms. |
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| Twins who develop from separate (dizygotic) fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brother and sisters, but they share a fetal environment |
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| the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's choromosomes |
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| Heredity predisposes one quick apparent aspect of personality - a person's characteristic emotional stability, sociability and activity level, which provides building block for our enduring personality. |
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| the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity). |
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| the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes, using the principles of natural selection and focus on what makes us so much alike as humans. |
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| the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations. |
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| random error in gene replication that leads to a change. |
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| in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female. |
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| the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitude, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. |
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| an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior, which grease the social machinery and free us from self-preoccupation. |
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| the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies. |
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| giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identification. |
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| giving priority to group goals (often those of the extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly. |
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| physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone |
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| the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. And X chromosome from each parent produces a female child. |
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| the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child. |
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| the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. |
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| a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. |
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| a set of expected behaviors for males or for females |
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| our sense of being male or female. |
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| the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role. |
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| the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished. |
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| the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly |
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