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| the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it |
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| an explanation using an integrated |
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| a testable prediction, often implied by a theory |
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| a statement of the procedures used to define research variable. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures |
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| repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances |
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| an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles |
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| a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them |
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| the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors |
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| all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for an study |
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| a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
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| observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
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| a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well eitherr factor predicts the other. The correlation coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +1 |
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| a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation. |
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| a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process. By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors |
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| an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participant have received the treatment or a placebo. |
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| experimental results caused by expectaiton alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agnet |
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| the condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the Independant variable |
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| the condition of an experiment that contrasts which the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating |
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| assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by changes, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups |
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| the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution |
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| the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then diving by the number of scores |
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| the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it. |
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| the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
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| a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score |
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| a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance |
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| the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
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