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AP psych chp. 10 flashcards
Thinking and language
27
Psychology
11th Grade
04/30/2013

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Term
Cognition
Definition
The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Term
Concept
Definition
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Term
Prototype
Definition
A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the it provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).
Term
Algorithm
Definition
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier- but also more error-prone- use of heuristics.
Term
Heuristic
Definition
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solves problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms
Term
Insight
Definition
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.
Term
Confirmation Bias
Definition
A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions.
Term
Fixation
Definition
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving.
Term
Mental Set
Definition
A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
Term
Functional Fixedness
Definition
The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
Term
Representativeness Heuristic
Definition
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes, may lead one to ignore other relevant information.
Term
Availability Heuristic
Definition
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory, if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.
Term
Overconfidence
Definition
The tendency to be more confident than correct, to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments.
Term
Framing
Definition
The way an issue is posed, how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
Term
Belief Bias
Definition
The tendency for one's pre-existing beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid.
Term
Belief Perseverance
Definition
Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
Term
Language
Definition
Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
Term
Phoneme
Definition
In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
Term
Morpheme
Definition
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning, may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).
Term
Grammar
Definition
In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
Term
Semantics
Definition
The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.
Term
Syntax
Definition
The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.
Term
Babbling Stage
Definition
Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the house-hold language.
Term
One-Word Stage
Definition
The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
Term
Two-Word Stage
Definition
Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements
Term
Telegraphic Speech
Definition
Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram- "go car"- using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words.
Term
Linguistic Determinism
Definition
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
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