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AP psych chapter 8 flashcards
Learning
40
Psychology
11th Grade
04/27/2013

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Term
Learning
Definition
A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience.
Term
Associative Learning
Definition
Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. Also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
Term
Unconditioned Response
Definition
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
Term
Unconditioned Stimulus
Definition
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers a response.
Term
Conditioned Response
Definition
In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).
Term
Conditioned Stimulus
Definition
In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.
Term
Acquisition
Definition
The initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
Term
Extinction
Definition
The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
Term
Spontaneous Recovery
Definition
The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
Term
Generalization
Definition
The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
Term
Discrimination
Definition
In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
Term
Respondent Behavior
Definition
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning.
Term
Operant Behavior
Definition
Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
Term
Law of Effect
Definition
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.
Term
Operant Chamber
Definition
A chamber also known as a Skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research.
Term
Shaping
Definition
An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
Term
Reinforcer
Definition
In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: this is different from punishment.)
Term
Primary Reinforcer
Definition
An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.
Term
Conditioned Reinforcer
Definition
A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer.
Term
Continuous Reinforcement
Definition
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Term
Partial Reinforcement
Definition
Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.
Term
Fixed-Ratio Schedule
Definition
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
Term
Variable-Ratio Schedule
Definition
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.
Term
Fixed-Interval Schedule
Definition
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after specified time has elapsed.
Term
Variable-Interval Schedule
Definition
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
Term
Punishment
Definition
An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.
Term
Cognitive Map
Definition
A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a _________ of it.
Term
Latent Learning
Definition
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
Term
Overjustification Effect
Definition
the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than the intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task.
Term
Intrinsic Motivation
Definition
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
Term
Extrinsic Motivation
Definition
A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment
Term
Observational Learning
Definition
Learning by observing others.
Term
Modeling
Definition
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
Term
Mirror Neurons
Definition
Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.
Term
Prosocial Behavior
Definition
Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.
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