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AP Psych. Chapter 3
Biological aspects
58
Psychology
10th Grade
10/13/2008

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Term
capabilities of the nervous sysytem:
Definition
-input
-processing
-output
Term
the fundamental unit of the nervous system- the nerve cell
Definition
neuron
Term
hold neurons in place, direct their growth and repair, keep chemical environment stable, and respond to signals from neurons
Definition
glial cells
Term
mitochondria- function
Definition
provide energy
Term
a neuron fiber that carries signals from the body of a neuron out to where communication occurs with other neurons
Definition
axon
Term
a neuron fiber that receives signals from other neurons
Definition
dendrite
Term
synapse
Definition
the gap between neurons
Term
when is the neuron said to be "polarized"?
Definition
when there are more negative molecules on the inside of a neuron than outside of it
Term
what happens when the neuron is polarized?
Definition
because then more negatives will be inside....attracting the positives inside creating a force called "electrochemical potential". the cell keeps out many of the positively charged moleculees, but some are let in through channels- which can be opened when cell is depolarized. result: neighboring gate is depolarized...chain reaction
Term
abrupt wave of electrochemical changes traveling down an axon when a neuron becomes depolarized
Definition
action potential
Term
the neuron is said to have "fired" when..
Definition
an action potential shoots down an axon
Term
what makes an action potential faster?
Definition
-size of the axon (larger are faster)
-if myelin is present
Term
a fatty substance that wraps around some axons and increases the speed of the action potential
Definition
myelin
Term
short rest between action potential firings
Definition
refractory period
Term
communication between neurons occurs....(where?)
Definition
at the synapse
Term
chemicals that carry the signal across the synapse to the postsynaptic cell
Definition
neurotransmitters
Term
neurons that operate together to form complex functions
Definition
neural network
Term
protein on the cell membrane that receives chemical signals
Definition
receptor
Term
provides input about the environment via the five senses
Definition
sensory system
Term
directs the response to the environment by influencing the muscles and other organs.
Definition
motor system
Term
is made up of the sensory and motor systems
Definition
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Term
processes information and is encased in bone...is made up of the brain and spinal cord
Definition
central nervous system (CNS)
Term
divisions of the nervous system
Definition
1. Peripheral nervous system
- somatic system
- autonomic system
2. Central nervous system
-brain
-spinal cord
Term
carries information from the senses to the CNS and sends movement instructions back to the muscles
Definition
somatic system (under the peripheral system)
Term
controls things that happen “automatically” in your body
Definition
autonomic system (under the peripheral system)
Term
carries messages to and from the brain
Definition
spinal cord (central nervous system)
Term
quick, involuntary muscular responses that occur in the spinal cord without instruction from the brain. The brain is informed of it after it occurs.
Definition
a reflex
Term
EEG
Definition
measures general electrical activity in the brain- cannot tell us which region of the brain does what, because its only a pen moving on the paper
Term
CAT
Definition
cross sections or 3D images of organs and body structures, including the brain
-radioactive
-can give where brain activity is occuring
Term
PET
Definition
: injected with glucose, to observe blood flow
-radioactive
Term
MRI- fMRI
Definition
creates 3D images using magnetic forces
-fMRI: can show blood flow
Term
association cortex
Definition
frontal lobe or parietal lobe
Term
auditory cortex
Definition
temporal lobe
Term
broca's area
Definition
frontal lobe
Term
motor cortex
Definition
parietal lobe
Term
somatosensory cortex
Definition
parietal lobe
Term
wernicke's area
Definition
temporal lobe
Term
visual cortex
Definition
occipital lobe
Term
hindbrain
Definition
medulla
cerebellum
Term
medulla
Definition
location: hindbrain
funtion: controls vital processes (breathing, hr, etc.)
Term
cerebellum
Definition
location: hindbrain
function: controlls finely coordinated, physical movement such as speech (strikly the physical aspect)
Term
midbrain
Definition
controlls certain automatic behaviors
Term
forebrain
Definition
thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
Term
thalamus
Definition
relays sensory signals
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
regulates basic drives such as hunger/thirst
Term
limbic system
Definition
the hippocampus+ amygdala. plays an important role in regulating emotion and is involved in memory and other thought processes.
Term
cerebral cortex
Definition
outer surface of the cerebrum
Term
hippocampus
Definition
forebrain; important part of memory
Term
Acetylcholine
Definition
used by neurons in the autonomic system. movement and memory. linked to alzeiheimers
Term
norepinephrine
Definition
autonomic nervous system. sleep, moods, learning
Term
serotonin
Definition
sleep, moods, appetite
Term
dopamine
Definition
Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia
Term
schizophrenia
Definition
psychological disorder characterized by distorted perception, emotion, and thought.
Term
small molecules
Definition
Acetylcholine
norepinephrine
serotonin
dopamine
Term
amino acids
Definition
GABA
Term
GABA
Definition
blocks neurotransmitters from coming through.... Huntington's disease- is when its uncontrollable
Term
peptides
Definition
endorphins
Term
endorphins
Definition
opiate-like compounds, can reduce pain and cause sleep.
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