Term
| What is developmental psychology? |
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Definition
| the psychological specialty that studies how organisms change over time as the result of biological and environmental influences |
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Term
| What is the Nature-nurture issue? |
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Definition
| the longstanding discussion over the relative importance of nature and nurture in their influence on behavoir and mental processes |
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Term
| What is nature in the nature-nurture issue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is nurture in the nature-nurture issue? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| process by which forces work together or influence each other-as in the interaction between the forces of heredity and environment |
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Term
| What are identical twins? |
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Definition
| pair who started life as a single fertilized egg, which later split into two distinct individuals |
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Term
| What is the relationship between identical twins? |
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Definition
| they have the same exact genes |
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Term
| What are fraternal twins? |
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Definition
| pair who started life as two separate fertilized eggs that happened to share the same womb |
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Term
| What is the relationship between fraternal twins? |
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Definition
| on average, they have ab out 50% of their genetic material in common |
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Term
| What is the continuity view? |
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Definition
| the perspecitive that development is gradual and continuous |
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Term
| What is the discontinuity view? |
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Definition
| the perspective that development proceeds in an uneven (discontinuous) fashion |
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Term
| What are developmental stages? |
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Definition
| periods of life initiated by significant transitions or changes in physical or psychological functioning |
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Term
| What is the prenatal period? |
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Definition
| the developmental period before birth |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| in humans, the name for the developing organisms during the first eight weeks after conception |
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Term
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Definition
| the organ interface between the embryo or fetus and the mother |
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Term
| What does the placenta do? |
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Definition
| separates the bloodstreams, but allows the exchange of nutrients and waste products |
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Term
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Definition
| substances from the environment, including viruses, drugs, and other chemicals, that can damage the developing organism during the prenatal period |
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Term
| What is the neonatal period? |
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Definition
| in humans, it is the newborn period that extends through the first month of birth |
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Term
| What is infancy in humans? |
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Definition
| spans the time between the end of the neonatal period and the establishment of language |
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Term
| When is infancy in humans? |
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Definition
| from about 18 months to 2 years |
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Term
| What does the placenta try to do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the most common types of teratogens? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the effect of teratogens depend on? |
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Definition
type
amount of exposure
stage of prenatal development |
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Term
| What is a major disease caused by the teratogen alcohol? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the enduring social-emotional relationship between a child and a parent or other regular caregiver |
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Term
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Definition
| a primitive form of learning in which some young animals follow and form an attachment to the first moving object they see and hear |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulation and reasurance derived from the physical touch of a caregiver |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which the genetic program manifests itself over time |
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Term
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Definition
| in Piaget's theory, mental structures or programs that guide a developing child's thought |
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Term
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Definition
| a mental process that modifies new information to fit it into existing schemes |
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Term
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Definition
| mental process that restructures existing schemas so that new information is better understood |
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Term
| What is the sensorimotor stage? |
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Definition
| the first stage in Piaget's theory, during which the child relies heavily on innate motor responses to stimuli |
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Term
| What is mental representation? |
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Definition
| the ability to form internal images of objects and events |
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Term
| What is object permanence? |
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Definition
| the knowledge that objects exist independently of one's own actions or awareness |
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Term
| What is preoperational stage? |
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Definition
| the second stage in Piaget's theory, marked by well-developed mental representation and the use of language |
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Term
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Definition
| in Piaget's theory, the self-centered inability to realize that there are other viewpoints beside one's own |
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Term
| What is Animistic Thinking? |
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Definition
| a preoperational mode of though in which inanimate objects are imagined to have life and mental processes |
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Term
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Definition
| a preoperational thought pattern involving the inability to take into account more than one factor at a time |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability, in the preoperational child, to think through a series of events or mental operations and then mentally reverse the steps |
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Term
| What is the concrete operational stage? |
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Definition
| the third stage of Piaget's stages, when a child understands conservation but still is incapable of abstract thought |
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Term
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Definition
| the understanding that the physical properties of an object or substance do not change when appearances change but nothing is added or taken away |
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Term
| What is mental operations? |
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Definition
| solving problems by manipulating images in one's mind |
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Term
| What is the theory of mind? |
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Definition
| an awareness that other people's behavior may be influenced by beliefs, desires, and emotions that differ from one's own |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual's characteristic manner of behavior or reaction-assumed to have a strong genetic basis |
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Term
| What is the Zone of proximal development? |
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Definition
| the difference between what a child can do with help and what the child can do without any help or guidance |
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Term
| What are Psychosocial stages? |
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Definition
| in Erikson's theory, the developmental stages refer to 8 major challenges that appear successivelly across the lifespan, which require an individual to rethink his or her goals and relationships with others |
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Term
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Definition
| in industrial societies, a developmental period beginning at puberty and ending(less clearly) at adulthood |
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Term
| What are Rites of Passage? |
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Definition
| Social rituals that mark the transition between developmental stages, especially between childhood and adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
| the onset of sexual maturity |
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Term
| What are primary sex characteristics? |
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Definition
| the sex organs and genitals |
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Term
| What are seccondary sex characteristics? |
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Definition
| Gender-realted features that develop during puberty |
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Term
| What are some signs of puberty in females? |
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Definition
| widened hips, enlarged breasts, and pubic hair |
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Term
| What are some signs of puberty in males? |
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Definition
| facial hair, deepening voice, and pubic hair |
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Term
| What is the formal operational stage? |
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Definition
| the last of Piaget's stage during which abstract thought appears |
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Term
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Definition
| In Erikson's theory, a process of making a commitment beyond oneself to family, work, society, or future generations |
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Term
| What is Alzheimer's disease? |
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Definition
| a degenerative brain disease usuallly noticed first by its debilitating effects on memory |
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Term
| What is Selective Social Interaction? |
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Definition
| Choosing to restrict the number of one's social contracts to those who are the most gratifying |
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Term
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Definition
| refusing to believe the individual is sick |
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Term
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Definition
| Patient displays anger that they are sick, "why me!" |
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Term
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Definition
| making a deal, in return for a cure, they will fulfill promises |
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Term
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Definition
| Generally depressed affect includes sleep, loss of appetite, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Patient realizes death is inevitab le and accepts fate |
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Term
| What was Konrad Lorenz related to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who studied various forms of attachment? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of atttachment? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Harry and Margaret Harlow believe? |
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Definition
| that attachment involves physical contact |
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Term
| What did the Harlows use to test their theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the main focus of Piaget's theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Piaget, what are the 4 stages of cognitive growth? |
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Definition
1. Sensorimotor stage
2. Preoperational stage
3. Concrete operational stage
4. Formal operational stageW |
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Term
| What did Jerome Kagan study? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is related to the zone of proximal development in children? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 types of parents? |
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Definition
1. Authoritarian
2. Authoritative
3. Permissive
4. Uninvolved |
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Term
| What is the difference between Authoritarian parents and Authoritative parents? |
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Definition
Authoritarian demand conformity and obedience and don't tolerate discussion of rules
Authoritative parents combine high standards with warmth and respect for the child's views and are willing to listen to a child's ideas |
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Term
| What are permissive parents? |
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Definition
| parents that set few rules and allow children to make their own decisions |
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Term
| What are uninvolved parents? |
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Definition
| tend to be either indifferent or rejeting and usually have little time or energy for their children |
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Term
| Who said that problems can generate predictable personality changes across the lifespan of a person? |
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Definition
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Term
| What seems to be the thread linking delinquent males and teenage pregnancies out of wedlock? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Kohlberg research? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 7 areas in which people often age? |
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Definition
1. Vision
2. Hearing
3. Thinking, learning, and problem solving
4. Memory
5. Sexual functioning
6. Social interaction
7. Emotions |
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Term
| What did Elisabeth Kubler-Ross contribute to the study of aging? |
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Definition
| the five stages of death and dying |
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Term
| What are the five stages of death and dying? |
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Definition
| Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance |
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