Term
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Definition
| Any system that encodes, stores, and retrieves information |
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Term
| What are three things that have memory? |
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Definition
| humans, animals, and machines |
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Term
| What is the information-processing model? |
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Definition
| a cognitive understanding of memory, emphasizing how information is changed when it is encoded, stored, and retrieved |
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Term
| What are the 3 tasks of memory? |
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Definition
| encoding, Storage, retrieval |
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Term
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Definition
| involves the modification of information to fit the preferred format for the memory system |
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Term
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Definition
| involves the retention of encoded material over time |
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Term
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Definition
| involves the location and recovery of information from memory |
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Term
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Definition
| an especially clear and persistent form of memory that is quite rare, sometimes known as "photographic memory" |
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Term
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Definition
| memory that preserves brief sensory impressinos of stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| memory that preserves recently perceived events or experiences for less than a minute without rehearsal |
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Term
| What is Long-term memory? |
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Definition
| memory that has the larges tcapacity and longest duration and stores material organized according to meaning |
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Term
| What are the 3 stages of memory? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| organizing pieces of information into a smaller number of meaningful units |
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Term
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Definition
| it frees up space in working memory |
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Term
| What is maintenance rehearsal? |
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Definition
| a working-memory process in which information is merely repeated or reviewed to keep it from fading while in working memory |
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Term
| What does maintenance rehearsal not involve? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is elaborative rehearsal? |
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Definition
| a working memory process in which information is actively reviewed and related to information already in the long-term memory |
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Term
| What is Acoustic endcoding? |
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Definition
| conversion of information especially semantic information, to sound patterns in working memory |
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Term
| Where does chunking take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does maintenance rehearsal take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does elaborative rehearsal take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does acoustic memory take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Levels-of-processing theory? |
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Definition
| the explanation for the fact that information that is more thoroughly conected to meaningful items in long-term memory will be remembered better |
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Term
| What is procedural memory? |
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Definition
| stores memories of how things are done |
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Term
| What is declarative memory? |
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Definition
| stores explicit information, also known as fact memory |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of long-term memory? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 types of declarative memory? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stores memory for personal events, or "episodes" |
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Term
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Definition
| stores general knowoledge, including the meanings of words and concepts also is the memory of language |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical changes in the brain associated with a memory |
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Term
| What is another name for an engram? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is anterograde amnesia? |
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Definition
| the inability to form memories for new information |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which short-term memories are changed to long-term memories over a period of time |
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Term
| What is retrograde amnesia? |
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Definition
| the inability to remember information previously stored in memory |
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Term
| What is flashbulb memory? |
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Definition
| a clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event |
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Term
| Who developed the Levels-of-processing theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the brain does the visual sketchpad coordinate? |
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Definition
| the frontal and occipital lobes |
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Term
| What part of the brain does the phonological loop use? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long can long-term memory last? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a memory that was not deliberately learned or of which you have no consious awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| memory that has been processed with attention and can be consciously recalled |
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Term
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Definition
| stimuli that are used to bring a memory to consciousness or into behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique for cuing implicit memories by providing cues that stimulate a memory witout awareness of the connection between the cue and retrieved memory |
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Term
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Definition
| retrieval method in which one must reproduce previously presented information |
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Term
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Definition
| retrieval method in which one must identify present stimuli as having been previously presented |
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Term
| What is the encoding specificity principle? |
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Definition
| the doctrine that memory is encoded and stored with specific cues related to the context in which it was formed |
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Term
| What is relationship between the form of retrieval cues and the level of recollection? |
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Definition
| the more closely the retrieval cues match the form in which the information was enclosed, the better it will be remembered |
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Term
| What is mood-congruent memory? |
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Definition
| memory process that selectively retrieves memories that match one's mood |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability to recall a word, while knowing that it is in memory |
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Term
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Definition
| the impermanence of a long-term memory |
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Term
| What idea is transience based on? |
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Definition
| the idea that long-term memories gradually fade in strength over time |
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Term
| How do we retrive explicit memories? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is meaningful organization? |
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Definition
| getting the general idea instead of the exact information |
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Term
| What are factors that affect retrieval? |
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Definition
| encoding specificity and mood |
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Term
| What is the forgetting curve? |
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Definition
| a graph plotting the amount of retention and forgetting over time for a certain batch of material, such as a list of nonsense syllables |
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Term
| What is the pattern of the average forgetting curve? |
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Definition
| steep at first, but the becomes flatter as time goes by |
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Term
| What is absent mindedness? |
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Definition
| forgetting caused by lapses in attention |
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Term
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Definition
| forgetting that occurs when an item in memory cannot be acssed or retrieved |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is proactive interference? |
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Definition
| cause of forgetting by which previously stored information prevents learning and remembering new information |
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Term
| What is retroactive interference? |
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Definition
| a cause of forgetting by which newly learned information prevents retrieval of previously stored material |
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Term
| What is serial position effect? |
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Definition
| a form of interference related to the sequence in which information is presented |
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Term
| What items are usually forgotten accordign to the serial position effect? |
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Definition
| the middle, the first and last are usually remembered |
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Term
| What is remembered in Primary? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is remembered in recency? |
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Definition
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Term
| In blocking, what causes greater interference? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is more vulnerable to interference? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a powerful cause of interference? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a memory fault that occurs when memories are retrieved but are associated with the wrong time, place, or person |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of memory distortion as the result of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion |
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Term
| Who studited suggestibility? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the types of suggestibility? |
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Definition
memory distortion
Fabricated memories
Recovery Memory Controversy |
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Term
| What is the misinformation effect? |
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Definition
| distortion of memory by suggestion or misinformation |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of bias? |
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Definition
Expectancy
Self-Consistency |
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Term
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Definition
| in memory, a tendency to distort recalled events to make them fit one's expectations |
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Term
| What is Self-consistency bias? |
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Definition
| the commonly held idea that we are more consistent in our attitudes, opinions, and beliefs than we actually are |
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Term
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Definition
| a memory problemin which unwanted memories cannot be put out of mind |
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Term
| What is an advantage of the 7 "sins" of memory? |
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Definition
| it protects our memory and cab be used in mnemonics |
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Term
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Definition
| techniques for improving memory, especially by making connections between new material and information already in long-term memory |
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Term
| What are the types of mnemonics? |
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Definition
method of loci
natural language mediators
remembering names |
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Term
| What is the method of loci? |
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Definition
| involves associateing items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations |
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Term
| What is the natural languqge mediators? |
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Definition
| words associated with new information to be remembered |
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Term
| What is language acquisition device? |
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Definition
| a biologically organized mental structure in the brain that facilitates the learning of language because it is innately programmed with some of the fundamental rules of grammar |
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Term
| Who helped develop the language of acquisition device? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the rules of a language, specifying how to use words, morphemes, and syntax to produce understandable sentences |
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Term
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Definition
| the meaningful units of language that make up words |
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Term
| What are two ways that morphemes can exist? |
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Definition
| as whole words or as grammatical components that alter a word's meaning |
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Term
| What is overregularization? |
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Definition
| applying a grammatical rule too widely and thereby creating incorrect forms |
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Term
| What is computer metaphor? |
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Definition
| the idea that the brain is an information-processing organ that operates like a computer |
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Term
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Definition
| mental representations of categories of items or ideas based on experience |
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Term
| What are natural concepts? |
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Definition
| mental representations of objects and events drawn from our direct experience |
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Term
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Definition
| an ideal or most representative example of a conceptual category |
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Term
| What are artificial concepts? |
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Definition
| concepts defined by rules such as word definitions and mathematical formulas |
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Term
| What are the two types of concepts? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are concept hierarchies? |
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Definition
| levels of concepts in which a more general level includes more specific concepts |
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Term
| How are concept hierarchies arranged? |
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Definition
| from most general to most specific |
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Term
| What are event-related potentials? |
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Definition
| brain waves shown on the EEG in respnse to stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| a knowledge cluster or general conceptual framework that provides expectations about topics, events, objects, people, and situations in one's life |
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Term
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Definition
| a cluster of knowledge about sequences of events and actions expected to occur in particular settings |
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Term
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Definition
| problem-solving procedures or formulas that guarantee a correct outcome, if correctly applied |
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Term
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Definition
| congnitive strategies used as shortcuts to solve complex mental tasks |
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Term
| What makes heuristics different from algorithms? |
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Definition
| they don't guarantee a correct solution |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to respond to a new problem in the manner used for a previous problem |
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Term
| What is functional fixedness? |
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Definition
| the inability to perceive a new use for an object associated with a different purpose |
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Term
| What is a form of mental set? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency, after learning about an event, to "second guess" or believe that one could have predicted the event in advace |
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Term
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Definition
| a faulty heruistic caused by basing an estimate on a completely unrelated quantity |
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Term
| What is a representative bias? |
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Definition
| a faulty heuristic strategy based on the presumption that once people or events are categorized they share all the features of other members in that category |
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Term
| What is an availability bias? |
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Definition
| a faulty heuristic strategy that estimates probabilities based on information that can be recalled from personal experience |
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Term
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Definition
| a mental process that produces novel respnonses that contribute to the solutions of the problems |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Why are creative people sometimes taken for loners? |
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Definition
1. Intense interest in a problem
2. Willingness to restructure the problem
3. Preference for complexity
4. need for stimulating interaction |
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Term
| What is the whole method? |
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Definition
| the mnemonic strategy of first approaching the material to be learned as a whole forming an impression of the overall meaning of the material. The details are later assocaited with this overall impression |
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Term
| Waht is Distributed learning? |
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Definition
| technique where the learner spaces learning sessions over time, rather than trying to learn the material all in one study session |
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Term
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Definition
| strategy by which the learner continues to study and rehearse the material after it has been initually brought to mastery |
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Term
| What are some techniques to aviod transcience in studying? |
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Definition
1. make the material meaningful to you
2. Spread your learning over time |
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Term
| What are some ways to study in order to avoid blocking on a test? |
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Definition
1. Take active steps to minimize interference
2. Rehearse and relearn what you have already learned
3. Elaborate on the material by thinking of examples and other assocaitions
4. Test yourself with retrieval cues you expect to see on the test |
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Term
| Who said memory is divided into three stages? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| memories that are created through credible suggestions |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to communicate through spoken and written words and gestures |
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Term
| What is the innateness theory of language? |
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Definition
| theory that explains that children aquire language not merely by imitation but by following an inborn program of steps to acquire vocabulary and grammar of the language of their environment |
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Term
| What are the 3 stages of acquisition? |
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Definition
one word stage
two word stage
telegraphic speech |
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Term
| When do children start to learn words rapidly? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| adds complexity and richness to thinking |
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