Term
| Why do some learned responses last for a lifetime? |
|
Definition
| because of the type or strength of the conditional stimulus |
|
|
Term
| What are four reasons for corporal punishment? |
|
Definition
1. develop moral character
2. tried and effective method for changing undesirable behavior
3. develops personal responsibility
4. develops self-discipline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mental processes resulting fom experiences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning not to respond to a repeated stimulus |
|
|
Term
| What is Mere exposure effect? |
|
Definition
| learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed |
|
|
Term
| What is behavioral learning? |
|
Definition
| forms of learningthat can be described in terms of stimuli and responses |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of behavioral learning? |
|
Definition
| operant conditioning and classical conditioning |
|
|
Term
| What is classical conditioning? |
|
Definition
| behavioral learning in which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the power to cause the same reflex produced by another stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| initial part of learning stage in classical conditioning during which the conditioned response comes to be elicited by the conditioned stimulus |
|
|
Term
| What is extinction in classical conditioning? |
|
Definition
| the weakening of a conditioned response in the absense of an unconditioned stimulus |
|
|
Term
| What is spontaneous recovery? |
|
Definition
| the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a time delay |
|
|
Term
| What is neutral stimulus? |
|
Definition
| any stimulus that produces no conditioned response prior to learning |
|
|
Term
| What is a neutral stimulus called when it is brought into an experiment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)? |
|
Definition
| in classical conditioning, the stimulus that elicits an unconditional response |
|
|
Term
| What is an unconditioned response (UCR)? |
|
Definition
| in classical conditioning, the response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus |
|
|
Term
| What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)? |
|
Definition
| in classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus comes to cause a conditioned response usually after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus |
|
|
Term
| What is a conditioned response (CR)? |
|
Definition
| In classical conditioning, a response elicited by a previously nuetral stimulus that has become associated with an unconditioned stimulus |
|
|
Term
| What is stimulus generalization? |
|
Definition
| learning to apply old experiences to new situations |
|
|
Term
| What is Stimulus descrimination? |
|
Definition
| change in responses to one stimulus but not another similar stimulus |
|
|
Term
| What is experimental neurosis? |
|
Definition
| pattern of erratic behavior resulting from a demanding discrimination learning task, typically one that involves aversive stimuli |
|
|
Term
| What did Little Albert prove? |
|
Definition
| the more emotional the response, the longer the reaction or fear caused by the conditioned stimulus |
|
|
Term
| What is taste-aversion learning? |
|
Definition
| the biological tendenn which an organism learns, after one experience, to aviod a food with a certain taste after becoming sick from eating it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an observable, voluntary behavior that an organism emits to "operate" on, or have an effect on; the environment |
|
|
Term
| What is operant conditioning? |
|
Definition
| a form of behavioral learning in which the probability of a response is changed by its consequences; changed by the stimuli that follows the response |
|
|
Term
| What is the Law of Effect? |
|
Definition
| the idea that responses that produce desirable results would be learned or "stamped" into the organism |
|
|
Term
| Who came up with the Law of Effect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is a problem solved by the Law of Effect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition that occurs after a response and strengthens that response |
|
|
Term
| What does a reinforcer involve? |
|
Definition
| the presentation or removal of a stimulus |
|
|
Term
| Waht is positive reinforcement? |
|
Definition
| a stimulus presented after a response and increasing the probability of the response happening again |
|
|
Term
| What is a negative reinforcement? |
|
Definition
| the removal of an unpleasant or aversive stimulus because of a particular behavior |
|
|
Term
| What is an operant chamber? |
|
Definition
| boxlike apparatus that can be programmed to deliver reinforcers and punishers based on an animal's behavior |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for an operant chamber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is reinforcement contingencies? |
|
Definition
| relationships between a response and the changes in the stimulation that follows the response |
|
|
Term
| What is continuous reinforcement? |
|
Definition
| type of reinforcement schedule by which all correct responses are reinforced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where a new behavior is produced by reinforcing responses that are similar to the desired response |
|
|
Term
| What kind of learning technique is shaping? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is intermittent reinforcement? |
|
Definition
| the type of reinforcement schedule by which some correct responses are reinforced |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for intermittent reinforcement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is extinction in operant conditioning? |
|
Definition
| process by which a response that has been learned is weakened by the absense or removal of reinforcement |
|
|
Term
| What are schedules of reinforcement? |
|
Definition
| programs specifying the frequency and timing of reinforcements |
|
|
Term
| What is the ratio schedule? |
|
Definition
| a program by which reinforcement depends on the number of correct responses |
|
|
Term
| What is interval schedule? |
|
Definition
| a program by which reinforcement depends on the time interval elapsed since the last reinforcement |
|
|
Term
| What are fixed ratio schedules? |
|
Definition
| programs by which reinforcement is based on a certain, unvarying number of responses |
|
|
Term
| What are variable ratio schedules? |
|
Definition
| reinfrocement programs by which the number of responses required for a reinforcement varies fom trial to trial |
|
|
Term
| What are fixed interval schedules? |
|
Definition
| programs by which reinforcement is based on a certain fixed time period |
|
|
Term
| What are variable interval schedules? |
|
Definition
| programs where the time period between reinforcements varies from trial to trial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition that occurs after a response and strengthens that response |
|
|
Term
| What does a reinforcer involve? |
|
Definition
| the presentation or removal of a stimulus |
|
|
Term
| Waht is positive reinforcement? |
|
Definition
| a stimulus presented after a response and increasing the probability of the response happening again |
|
|
Term
| What is a negative reinforcement? |
|
Definition
| the removal of an unpleasant or aversive stimulus because of a particular behavior |
|
|
Term
| What is an operant chamber? |
|
Definition
| boxlike apparatus that can be programmed to deliver reinforcers and punishers based on an animal's behavior |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for an operant chamber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is reinforcement contingencies? |
|
Definition
| relationships between a response and the changes in the stimulation that follows the response |
|
|
Term
| What is continuous reinforcement? |
|
Definition
| type of reinforcement schedule by which all correct responses are reinforced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where a new behavior is produced by reinforcing responses that are similar to the desired response |
|
|
Term
| What kind of learning technique is shaping? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is intermittent reinforcement? |
|
Definition
| the type of reinforcement schedule by which some correct responses are reinforced |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for intermittent reinforcement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is extinction in operant conditioning? |
|
Definition
| process by which a response that has been learned is weakened by the absense or removal of reinforcement |
|
|
Term
| What are schedules of reinforcement? |
|
Definition
| programs specifying the frequency and timing of reinforcements |
|
|
Term
| What is the ratio schedule? |
|
Definition
| a program by which reinforcement depends on the number of correct responses |
|
|
Term
| What is interval schedule? |
|
Definition
| a program by which reinforcement depends on the time interval elapsed since the last reinforcement |
|
|
Term
| What are fixed ratio schedules? |
|
Definition
| programs by which reinforcement is based on a certain, unvarying number of responses |
|
|
Term
| What are variable ratio schedules? |
|
Definition
| reinfrocement programs by which the number of responses required for a reinforcement varies fom trial to trial |
|
|
Term
| What are fixed interval schedules? |
|
Definition
| programs by which reinforcement is based on a certain fixed time period |
|
|
Term
| What are variable interval schedules? |
|
Definition
| programs where the time period between reinforcements varies from trial to trial |
|
|
Term
| What are primary reinforcers? |
|
Definition
| reinforcers that have an innate basis because of their biological value to an organism |
|
|
Term
| What are secondary reinforcers? |
|
Definition
| stimuli that acquire their reinforcing power by a learned association with primary reinforcers |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for secondary reinforcers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a therapeutic method where individuals are rewarded with tokens which can act as secondary reinforcers |
|
|
Term
| What type of conditioning is token economy based on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Premack principle? |
|
Definition
| the concept that a more preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an aversive stimulus that occurs after a response and diminishes the strenth of that response |
|
|
Term
| What is positive punishment? |
|
Definition
| the application of an aversive stimulus after a resonse |
|
|
Term
| What is omission training? |
|
Definition
| the removal of an appetitive stimulus after a response, leading to the decrease in behavior |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for omission training? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment? |
|
Definition
| negative reinforcement takes something away, but punishment is a consequence because of something that happens |
|
|
Term
| How does punishment reinforce good behavior? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the power of punishment to supress behavior disappear? |
|
Definition
| when the threat of punishment is removed |
|
|
Term
| What does punishment trigger? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does punishment inhibit learning new and better resonses? |
|
Definition
| because it makes the learner apprehensive |
|
|
Term
| How is punishment often applied? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In order to carry out successful punishment, why should the punishment be swift? |
|
Definition
| because a delay decreases effectiveness |
|
|
Term
| Why should punishment be consistent or certain? |
|
Definition
| because when the "bad" behavior goes unpunished, the effect can be rewarding |
|
|
Term
| What should punishment be limited in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should punishment target? |
|
Definition
| a certain behavior, not the character of a person |
|
|
Term
| What situation should punishment be limited to? |
|
Definition
| the situation in which the response occured |
|
|
Term
| What should punishment not give? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most effective punishment? |
|
Definition
| omission training/negative feedback |
|
|
Term
| What is insight learning? |
|
Definition
| when a problem solving occurs by means of a sudden reorganization of perceptions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mental representation of physical space |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the cognitive map? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is the cognitive map assocaited with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is associated with insight learning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is observational learning? |
|
Definition
| when new responses are aquired after watching others' behavior and consequences of their behavior |
|
|
Term
| What kind of learning is insight learning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| man who said that curcial feater of the conditioned stimulus is its informativeness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the value in predicting the onset of the unconditioned stimulus |
|
|
Term
| When does operant conditioning happen? |
|
Definition
|
|
