Term
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Definition
| The lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50 percent of the time the stimulation is present. |
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Term
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Definition
| as a monocular clue, the brain's use of information about the chaning thickness of the lens of the eye in response to looking at objects tat are close or far away |
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Term
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Definition
| stress resulting from the need to change and adapt a persons ways to the majority culture |
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Term
| acquired (secondary) drives |
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Definition
| those drives that are learned thorugh experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the realease of the neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon |
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Term
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Definition
| therapy in which the main goal is to change disordered or inapporpriate behavior directly |
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Term
| activation-information-mode model (AIM) |
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Definition
| revised version of the activation-synthesis explanation of dreams in which infomation that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams |
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Term
| activation-synthesis hypothesis |
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Definition
| explanation that states that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activatoin by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods |
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Term
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Definition
| theory of adjustment to aging that assumes older people are happier if they remain active in some way, such as volunteering or developing a hobby. |
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Term
| acute stress disorder (ASD) |
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Definition
| a disorder resuliting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, recurring nightmares, sleep disturbances, problems inconcentration, and moments in which people seem to "relive" the even in dreams and flashbacks for as long as one month following the event. |
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Term
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Definition
| theory of sleep proposing that animals and humans evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active |
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Term
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Definition
| the period of life from about age 13 to the early twenties, during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent, self-supporting adult |
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Term
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Definition
| endocrine glands located on top of each kidney that secrete over 30 different homones to deal with stress, regulate salt intake, and provide a secondery source of sex hormones affecting the sexual change that occur during adolescence. |
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Term
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Definition
| the haziness that surrounds objects that are farther away from the viewer, causing the distance to be perceived as greater |
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Term
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Definition
| in psychology, a term indicating "emotion" or "mood" |
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Term
| afferent (sensory) neuron |
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Definition
| a neuron that carries information from the senses to the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| images that occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is removed |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior intended to hurt or destroy another person |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical substances that mimic or enchance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or dedecreasing the activity of that cell |
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Term
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Definition
| fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible |
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Term
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Definition
| the emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and likeable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasant |
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Term
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Definition
| sexually transmitted viral disorder that causes deterioration of the immune system and eventually results in death due to complication infections that the body can no longer fight. |
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Term
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Definition
| the chemical resuliting from fermentation or distillatoin of various kinds of vegetable matter |
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Term
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Definition
| very specific, step-by-step procedures for sovling certain types of people |
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Term
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Definition
| referring to the fact that a neuron either fires completely or does ot fire at all |
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Term
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Definition
the tendency to believe that one's performance must be perfect or the result will be a total failure
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Term
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Definition
| brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep |
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Term
| altered state of consciousness |
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Definition
| state in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| prosocial behavior that is done with no expectation of reward and may involve the risk of harm to oneself |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulants that are synthesized (made) in laboratories rather than being found in nature |
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Term
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Definition
| brain structure located near the hippocampus, responsible for fear responses and memory of fear |
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Term
| anal expulsive personality |
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Definition
| a person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, destructive, and hostile |
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Term
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Definition
| second stage occuring from about 1 to 3 years of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet raining is the source of conflict |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| characteristic of possessing the most positive personality characteristics of males and females regardless of sex |
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Term
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Definition
| gradual changes in the sexual hormones and reproductive system of middle-aged males |
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Term
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Definition
| a conditon in which a person reduces eating to the point that a weight loss of 15 percent below the ideal body wight or more occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical substances that block or reduce a cell's response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward, or the inability to form new long-term memories |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs used to treat and calm anxiety reactions, typically minor tranquilizers |
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Term
|
Definition
| drugs used to treat depression and anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs used to treat psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and other bizarre behavior |
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Term
| antisocial personality disorder |
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Definition
| disorder in which a person has no morals or conscience and often behaves in an impulsive manner without regard for the consequences of that behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| disorders in which the main symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness |
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Term
|
Definition
| disorders in which the main symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness |
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Term
| applied behavior analysis (ABA) |
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Definition
| modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of psychological concepts in solving real world problems |
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Term
| approach-approach conflict |
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Definition
| conflict occurring when a person must choose between two desirable goals |
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Term
| approach-avoidance conflict |
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Definition
| conflict occurring when a perosn must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects |
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Term
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Definition
| distortion of thinkng in which a person draws a conclusion that is not based on any evidence |
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Term
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Definition
| Jung's collective, universal human memories |
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Term
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Definition
| theory of motivation in which people arres said to have an optimal level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| the creation of a machin that can think like a human |
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Term
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Definition
| areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for the coordination and interpretation of information, as well as higher mental processing |
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Term
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Definition
| the emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver |
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Term
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Definition
| a tendency to respond positively or negatively toward a certain person, object, idea,or situation |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of others |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory of how people make attributions |
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Term
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Definition
| short tunnel that runs from the pinna to the eardrum |
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Term
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Definition
| people who learn best by hearing and saying things out loud |
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Term
|
Definition
| bundle of axons from the hair cells in the inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
| the genuine, open, and honest response of the therapist to the client |
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Term
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Definition
| style of parenting in which parent is riged and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child |
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Term
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Definition
| style of parenting in which parents combind warmth and affection with firm limits on a child's behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the memory for events and facts related to one's personal life story |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of certain kinds of information to enter long-term memory with little or no effortful encoding |
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Term
| autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
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Definition
| division of the PNS consisting of nerves that controll all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands |
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Term
| autonomy versus shame and doubt |
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Definition
| second stage of personality development in which the toddler strives for physical independence |
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Term
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Definition
| form of behavioral therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an averisve stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior |
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Term
| avoidance-avoidance conflict |
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Definition
| conflict occurring when a person must choose between two undesriable goals |
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Term
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Definition
| tublelike structure that carries the neural message to other cells |
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Term
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Definition
| branches at the end of the axon |
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Term
|
Definition
| depressant drugs that have a sedative effect |
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Term
| basal metabolic rate (BMR) |
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Definition
| the rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting |
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Term
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Definition
| anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and move powerful world of older children and adults |
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Term
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Definition
| an example of a type of concept around which other similar concepts are orgainized, such as "dog" "cat" or "pear" |
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Term
| behavior modification or applied behavior analysis |
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Definition
| the use of learning techniques to modify or change undesriable behavior and increase desirable behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| action therapies based on the principles of classical and operant condtioning and aimed at changing disordered behavior without concern for the original causes of such behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| field of study devoted to discovering the genetic bases for personality characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| the cienc of behavior that focuses on oberservable behavior only |
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Term
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Definition
| alternate name for the normal curve, which is said to be shaped like a bell |
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Term
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Definition
| acceptance of positive stereotypes of males and females that leads to unequal treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stress |
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Term
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Definition
| psychosurgical technique in which an electrode wire is inserted into the cinguated gyrus area of the brain with the guidance of a magnetic resonance imaging machine for the purpose of destroying that area of brain tissue with an electric current |
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Term
|
Definition
| electrconvulsive therapy in which the electrodes are placed on both sides of the head |
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Term
|
Definition
| condition in whihc a distribution has two modes |
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Term
|
Definition
| frequency distribution in which there are two highpoints rather than one |
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Term
|
Definition
| the difference in images between the two eyes, which which is greater for objects that are close and smaller for distant objects |
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Term
|
Definition
| cues for perceiving depth based on both eyes |
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Term
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Definition
| using of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control |
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Term
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Definition
| referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning |
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Term
|
Definition
| model of explaining behavior as caused by biological changes in the chemical, structural, or genetic systems of the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| therapies that directly affect the biological functioning of the body and brain |
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Term
|
Definition
| therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem is treated with biological or medical methods to relieve symptoms |
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Term
| biopsychological perspective |
|
Definition
| perspective that attributes human and animal behavior to biolgoical events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system |
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Term
|
Definition
| perspective in which abnormal behavior is seen as the result of the combined and interacting forces of biological, psychological, social, and cultural influences |
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Term
|
Definition
| severe mood swings between major depressive episodes and manic episodes |
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Term
|
Definition
| person attracted to both men and women |
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Term
|
Definition
| area in the retina whwere the axons of the three layers of retinal cells exit the eye to form to the optic nerve, insensitive light |
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Term
| boderline personality disorder |
|
Definition
| maladaptive personality pattern in which the person is moody, unstable, lacks a clear sense of idenity, and often clings to others |
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Term
|
Definition
| the analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception |
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Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change |
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Term
|
Definition
| condition resulting from damage to Broca's area, causing the affected person to be unable to spek fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly |
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Term
|
Definition
| a condition in which a person develops a cycle of "binging" or overating enormous amounts of food at one sitting, and "purging," or deliberately vomiting after eating |
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Term
|
Definition
| negative changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a result of prolonged stress or frustration |
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Term
|
Definition
| referring to the effect that the presence of other people has on the decision to help or not help, with help becoming less likely as the number of bystanders increases |
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Term
|
Definition
| a mild stimulat found in coffee, tea, and several other plant-based substances |
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Term
| Cannon-Bard theory of emotion |
|
Definition
| theory in whihc the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| study of one individual in great detail |
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Term
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Definition
| an unpredictable, large-scale event that creates a tremendous need to adapt and adjust as well as overwhelming feelings of threat |
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Term
|
Definition
| type of schizophrenia in which the person experiences periods of statue-like immobility mixed with occasional bursts of energetic, frantic movement, and talking |
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Term
| central nervous system (CNS) |
|
Definition
| part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
|
Definition
| type of information procssing that involves attending to the content of the message itself |
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Term
|
Definition
| in Piaget's theory, the tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features |
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Term
|
Definition
| part of the lower brain located behind the pons that controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement |
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Term
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Definition
| the two sctions of the ocrtex on the left and right sides of the brain |
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Term
|
Definition
| the upper part of the brain consisting of the two hemispheres and the structures that connect them |
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Term
|
Definition
| value judgments of a peron's moral and ethical behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| tightly wound strand of genetic material or DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| a cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24-hour period |
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Term
|
Definition
| learning to make an involuntary (reflex) response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that nomrally produces the reflex |
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Term
|
Definition
| fear of being in a small, enclosed space |
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Term
|
Definition
| area of psychology in which the psychologists diagnose and treat people with psychological disorders that may frange from mild to severe |
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Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete |
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Term
|
Definition
| a natural drug derived from the leaves of the coca plant |
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Term
|
Definition
| snail-shaped structure of the inner ear that is filled with fluid |
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Term
|
Definition
| theory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced |
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Term
|
Definition
| the development of thinking, problem solving, and memory |
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Term
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Definition
| sense of discomfort or distress that occurs when a person's behavior does not correspond to that peron's attitudes |
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Term
|
Definition
| study of the physical changes in the brain and nervous system during thinking |
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Term
|
Definition
| modern perspective that focues on memory,intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning |
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Term
|
Definition
| modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
| psychologists who study the way people think, remember, and mentally organize information |
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Term
|
Definition
| the ability of the brain to build and maintain new neurons and the connections between them |
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Term
|
Definition
| therapy in which the focus is on helping clients recognize distrotions in their thinking and replace distored, unrealistic beliefs with more realistic, helpful thoughts |
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Term
|
Definition
| theory that concepts are universal and influence the development of language |
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Term
| cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) |
|
Definition
| action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think mmre reationally and lobically |
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Term
| cognitive-meditational theory |
|
Definition
| theory of emotion in which a stimulus must be interpreted (appraised) by a person in order to result in a physcial response and an emotional reaction |
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Term
|
Definition
| Jung's name for the memories shared by all members of the human species |
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Term
| College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS) |
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Definition
| asseessment that measures the amount of stress in a collee student's life over a one-year peoriod resulting from major life events |
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Term
|
Definition
| type of love consisting of intimacy and commitment |
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Term
|
Definition
| area of pscychology in which the psychologists study animals and their behavior for the purpose of comparing and contrasting it to human behvavior |
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Term
| compensation (substiution) |
|
Definition
| defense mechanism in which a person makes up for inferiorities in one area by becoming superior in another area |
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Term
|
Definition
| chanign one's behavior as a result of other people directiong or asking for the change |
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Term
|
Definition
| brain-imaging method using computer-controlled X-rays of the brain |
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Term
|
Definition
| form of meditation in which a person focuses the mind on some repetitieve or unchaing stimulus so that the mind can be cleared of disturbing thoughts and the body can experience relaxation |
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Term
|
Definition
| a visual representation of the relationships between key concepts, terms, and ideas |
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Term
|
Definition
| the moment at which a female become pregnant |
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Term
|
Definition
| ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities |
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Term
| concrete operations stage |
|
Definition
| third stage of conginitve development in which the school-age child becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking |
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Term
| conditional emotional response (CER) |
|
Definition
| emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli, such as a fear of dogs or the emotional reaction that occurs when seeing an attractive person |
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Term
| conditioned response (CR) |
|
Definition
| learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus |
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Term
| conditioned stimulus (CS) |
|
Definition
| stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
| conditioned taste aversion |
|
Definition
| development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste becasue that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association |
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Term
|
Definition
| visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina |
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Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to search for evidence that fits one's beliefs while ignoring any evidence that does not fit those beliefs |
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Term
|
Definition
| changin one's own behavior to match that of other people |
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Term
|
Definition
| part of the superego that produces pride or guild, depedning on how accpetable behavior is |
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Term
|
Definition
| the care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability |
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Term
|
Definition
| a person's awarenss of everything that is going on around him or her at any given amoment, which is used to organize behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| in Piaget's theory, the ability to understand that simply chanign the appearnce of an object does not change the object's nature |
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Term
|
Definition
| the changes that take plcae in the structure and functioning of neurons when an engram is formed |
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Term
|
Definition
| referring to the retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered, revised, or influence by newer information |
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Term
|
Definition
| branch of psychology that studies the habits of consumers in the marketplace |
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Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to perceive two things that happen close togehter in time as being related |
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Term
|
Definition
| a formal, written agreement between the therapist and client (or teacher and student) in which goals for behavioral change, reinforcements, and penalties are clearly stated |
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Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous pattern rather than ewith a complex, broken-up pattern. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the reinforcement of each and every correct response |
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Term
|
Definition
| subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment |
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Term
|
Definition
| second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is govenrned by conforming to the socieity's norms of behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| the rotation of the two eyes in their sockets to focus on a single object, resulting in greater convergence fro closer objects and lesser convergence if objects are distant |
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Term
|
Definition
| type of thinking in whcih a problem is seen as having only one answer, and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer, using previous knowledge and logic |
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Term
|
Definition
| somatoform disorder in which the person experiences a specific symptom in the somatic nervous system's functioning, such as paralysis, numbness, or blindness, for whcih there is no physical cause |
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Term
|
Definition
| actions that people can take to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize the effects of stressors |
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Term
|
Definition
| thick band of neuronsthat connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
|
Definition
| a measure of the relationship between two variables |
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Term
|
Definition
| a number derived from the formula for measuring a correlation and indicating the stregth and direction of a correlation |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a number that represents the strength and direction of a relationship existing between two variables |
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Term
|
Definition
| outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher hthought processes and interpretation of sensory input |
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Term
|
Definition
| area of psychology in which the psychologists help people with problems of adjustment |
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Term
|
Definition
| the ability to deal with new and different concepts and tocome up with new ways of solving problems |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of solving problems by combining ideas or behavior in new ways |
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Term
|
Definition
| times during whcih certain environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant |
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Term
|
Definition
| making reasoned judgments about claims |
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Term
|
Definition
| research design in which several different age-groups of participants are studied at one particular point in time |
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Term
|
Definition
| research design in which participants are first studied by means of a cross-secitonal design but are also followed and assessed for a period of no more than six years |
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Term
|
Definition
| any group of people with a particular relgious or philosophical set of beliefs and identity |
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Term
|
Definition
| the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which behavior takes place |
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Term
|
Definition
| disorders found only in particular cultures |
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Term
|
Definition
| a graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then tapers off gradually |
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Term
|
Definition
| psychotherapy that is offered on the INternet. Also called online, Internet, or Web therapy or counseling |
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Term
|
Definition
| disorder that consits of mood swings from moderate depression to hypomania and lasts two years or more |
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Term
|
Definition
| the recovery of the eye's sensitivity to visual stimui in darkness after exposure to bright lights |
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Term
|
Definition
| loss of memory due to the passage of time, during which the memory trace is not used |
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Term
|
Definition
| type of long-term memory containing information that is conscious and known |
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Term
|
Definition
| insertion of a thin, insulated wire into the brain through which an electrical current is sent that destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire |
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Term
|
Definition
| long, slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep |
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Term
|
Definition
| a psychotic disorder in which the primary symptom is one or more delusions |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| false beliefs held by a person who refuses to accpet evidence of their falseness |
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Term
|
Definition
| branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons |
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Term
|
Definition
| psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to acknowlege or recongize a threatening situation |
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Term
|
Definition
| variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment (electric shock level in Milrgram's) |
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|
Term
| depersonalization disorder |
|
Definition
| dissociative disorder in which individuals feel detached and disconnected from themselves, their bodies, and their surrounds |
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Term
|
Definition
| drugs that decrease the functioning of the nvervous system |
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Term
|
Definition
| the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions |
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Term
|
Definition
| a way of organizing numbers and summarizing them so that patterns can be determined |
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Term
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Definition
| area of psychology in which the psychologists study the changes in the way people think, relate to others, and feel as they age |
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Term
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Definition
| condition in which a person's behavioral and congivitve skills exist at an earlier developmental stage than the skills of others who are the same chronological age. A more accptable term for mental retardation |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of intelligence measure that assumes that IQ is normally distributed around a mean of 100 iwth a standard deviation of about 15 |
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Term
| diffusion of responsibility |
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Definition
| occurring when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of ther people who are seen to share the responsibility |
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Term
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Definition
| assessment in which the professional observes the client engage in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting |
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Term
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Definition
| therapy in which the therapist actively gives interpretations of a client's statements and may suggest certain behavior or actions |
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Term
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Definition
| treating people differently beacuse of prejudice toward the social group to which they belong |
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Term
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Definition
| type of schizophrenia in which behavior is bizarre and childish and thinking, speech, and motor actions are very disordered |
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Term
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Definition
| taking out one's frustrations on some less threatening or more available target, a form of displacement |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological defense mechanism in which emotional reactions and behavioral responses are shifted to targets that are more available or less threatening than the original target |
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Term
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Definition
| learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social setting |
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Term
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Definition
| cause of behavior attributed to internal factors such as personality or character |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of memory for personal information, either partial or complete |
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Term
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Definition
| disorders in which there is a break in conscious awareness, memory, the sense of identity, or some combination |
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Term
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Definition
| traveling away from familiar surroundings with amnesia for the trip and possible amnesia for personal information |
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Term
| dissociative identity disorder |
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Definition
| disorder occurring when a person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body |
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Term
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Definition
| the effect of unpleasant and undesirable stressors |
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Term
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Definition
| spacing the study of material to be remembered by including breaks between study periods |
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Term
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Definition
| another name for decay, assuming that memories that are not used wil evenutally decay and disappear |
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Term
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Definition
| type of thinking in which a person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilties based on that point |
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Term
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Definition
| often called fraternal twins, occurring when two eggs each get fertilized by two different sperm, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time |
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Term
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
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Definition
| special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism |
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Term
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Definition
| referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait |
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Term
| door-in-the-face technique |
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Definition
| asking for a large comitment and being refused and then asking for a smaller commitment |
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Term
| double approach-avoidance conflict |
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Definition
| conflit in which the person must decide between two goals, with each goal possessing both poisitive and negative aspects |
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Term
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Definition
| study in which neither the experimentre nor the subjects know if the subjects are in the experimental or control group |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension |
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Term
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Definition
| approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| a moderate depression that lasts for two years or more and is typically a reactoin to some external stressory |
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Term
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Definition
| the brief memory of something a person has just heard |
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Term
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Definition
| therapy style that results from combining elements of several differenent therapy techniques |
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Term
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Definition
| area of psychology in which the psycholgists are concerned with the study of human learning and development of new learning techniques |
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Term
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Definition
| a neuron that carries messages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, and logical |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability to see hte world through anyone else's eyes |
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Term
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Definition
| sense of wholeness that comes from having lived a full ife and the ability to let go of regrets; the final completion of the ego |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to access a visual memory for 30 seconds or more |
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Term
| elaboration likelihood model |
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Definition
| model of persuassion stating that people will either elaborate on the persuasive message or fail to elaborate on it and that the future actions of those who do elaborate are more predictable than those who do not |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that infomration meaningful in some way |
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Term
| electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
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Definition
| form of biomedial therapy to treat severe depression in which electrodes are placed on either one or both sides of a person's head and an electric current is passed thorugh the electrodes that is strong enough to cause a seizure or convulsion |
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Term
| electroencephalograph (EEG) |
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Definition
| machine designed to record the brain-wave patternts produced by electical activity of the surface of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| name for the developing organism from two weeks to eightweeks after fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| the period from to to eight weeks after fertilization during which the major organs and structures of the organims develop |
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Term
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Definition
| the "feeling" aspect of consciousness, characterized by a certain phycial arouasal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| the awareness of and ability to manage one's own emotoins as well as the ability to be self-motivated, able to feel what others feel, and soically skilled |
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Term
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Definition
| coping strategies that change the impact of a stressor by changing the emotional reaction to the stressor |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of the therapist to understand the feelings of the client |
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Term
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Definition
| the set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems |
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Term
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Definition
| failure to process information into memory |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for memory of information to be improved if related informaiton (such as surroundins or physiological state) availiable when the memory is first formed is also available when the memory is being retrieved |
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Term
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Definition
| glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| area of psychology in which the focus is on how people interact with and are affected by their physical environments |
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Term
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Definition
| type of delcarative memory containing personal information not readily available to others, such as daily activites and events |
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Term
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Definition
| contact between groups in which the groups have equal status with neither group having power over the other |
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Term
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Definition
| leaving the presence of a stressor, either literally or by a psychological withdrawal into fantasy, durg abuse, or apathy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the effect of positive events, or the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being |
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Term
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Definition
| perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share |
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Term
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Definition
| synapse at which a neurotransmitter casues the receiving cell to fire |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence |
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Term
| expectancy-values theories |
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Definition
| incentive therories that assume the actions of humans cannot be predicted or fully understood without understanding the beliefs, values, and the importance that a person attaches to tose beliefs and values at any given moment in time |
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Term
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Definition
| a deliberate manipulation of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of casue-and-effect relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| subjects in an experiment who are subjected to the independent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| area of psychology in which the psychologists primarily do research and experiments in the areas of learning, memory, thinking, perception, motivation, and language |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of the experimenter's expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study |
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Term
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Definition
| memory that is consciously known, such as declarative memory |
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Term
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Definition
| the disappearance or weakening of a learned response follwoing the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classcial conditioining) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning) |
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Term
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Definition
| dimension of persnality referring to one's need to be with other people |
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Term
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Definition
| people who are outgoing and social |
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Term
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Definition
| type of motivation in which a person performs an ction becasue it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person (money) |
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Term
| eye-movement desensitizatoin reprocessing (EMDR) |
|
Definition
| controversial form of therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder and similar anxiety problems in which the client is directed to move the eyes rapidly back an forth while thinking of a disturbing memory |
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Term
| facial feedback hypothesis |
|
Definition
| theory of emotion that assumes that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn casues and intensifies the emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| error of recognition in which people think that they recognize some stimulus that is not actually in memory |
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Term
| family counseling (family therapy) |
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Definition
| a form of group therapy in which family members meet together with a counselor or therapist to resolve problems that affect the entire family |
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Term
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Definition
| the union of the ovum and sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| the time from about eight weeks after conception until the birth of the child |
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Term
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Definition
| name for the developing organism from eight weeks after fertilization to the birth of the baby |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to perceive objects or figures as existing on a background |
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Term
| five-factor model (Big Five) |
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Definition
| model of personality tratis that describes five basic trait dimensions |
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Term
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Definition
| disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a paritcular psychosexual stage, resuliting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage |
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Term
| fixed interval schedule of reinforcement |
|
Definition
| schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same |
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Term
| fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement |
|
Definition
| schedule of reinforcemtn in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same |
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Term
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Definition
| type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it |
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Term
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Definition
| a lack of emotional responsiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| technique of treating phobias and other stress disorders in which the person is rapidly and intensely exposed to the fear-provoking situation or object and prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response |
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Term
| foot-in-the-door technique |
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Definition
| asking for a small commitment and after gaining compliance asking for bigger commitments |
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Term
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Definition
| area of psychology concerned with people in the legal system, inlcuding profiling of criminals, jury selection, and expert witnessing |
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Term
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Definition
| concepts that are defined by specific rules or features |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's last stage of congnitive development in which the adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| psychoanalytic technique in which a patient was encouraged to talk about anything that came ot mind without fear of negative evaluations |
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Term
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Definition
| anxiety that is unrelated to any realistic, known source |
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Term
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Definition
| assessment in which the frequency of a particular behavior is counted |
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Term
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Definition
| a table or graph that shows how often different numbers or scores appear in a particular set of scores |
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Term
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Definition
| theory of pitch that states that pitch is related to the speed of vibrations in the basilar membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| areas of the cortex located in the front and top of the brain, responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech |
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Term
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Definition
| the psychological experience produced by the blocking of a desired goal or fulfillment of a perceived need |
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Term
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Definition
| a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| a block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects in terms of only their typical functions |
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Term
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Definition
| early perspective in psychology associated with William James, in which the focus of study is how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play |
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Term
| fundamental attribution error (actor-observer bias) |
|
Definition
| the tendency to overestimate the influence of internal factors in determining behavior while underestimating situational factors |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to reason and solve problems, or general intelligence |
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Term
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Definition
| the psychological and behavioral aspects of being male or female |
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Term
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Definition
| perception of one's gender and the behavior that is associated with that gender |
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Term
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Definition
| the culture's expectations for masculine or feminine behavior, inlcuding attitudes, actions, and personality traits associated with being male or femle in that culture |
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Term
|
Definition
| theory of gender identity acquisition in which a child develops a mental pattern, or schema, for being male or female and then organizes observed and learned behavior around that schema |
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Term
|
Definition
| a concept held about a person or group of people that is based on being male or female |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of qcquirng gender role characterisitcs |
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Term
|
Definition
| section of DNA having the same arrangement of chemical elements |
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Term
| general adaptation syndrome (GAS) |
|
Definition
| the three stages of the body's physiological reaction to stress, inlcuding alarm, resistance, and exhaustion |
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Term
| generalized anxiety disorder |
|
Definition
| disorder in which a person has feelings of dread and impending doom along with physical symptoms of stress, which lasts six months or more |
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Term
|
Definition
| providing guidance to one's children or the next generation, or contributing to the well-being of the next generation through career or volunteer work |
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Term
|
Definition
| the science of inherited traits |
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Term
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Definition
| first two weeks after fertilization during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and gegins to implant in the lining |
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Term
|
Definition
| early perspective in psyhology focusing on perception and sensation particularly the perception of patterns and whole figures |
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Term
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Definition
| form of directive insight therapy in which the therapist helps clients to accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences, using leading questions and planned experiences such as role-playing |
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Term
|
Definition
| the 2 percent of the population falling on the upper end of the normal curve and typically possessing an IQ of 130 or above |
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Term
|
Definition
| grey fatty cells that provide support for the neurons to grow on and around, deliver nutrients to neurons, produce myelin to coat axons, clean up waste products and dead neurons, inlfuence information processing, and during prenatal development, influence the generation of new neurons |
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Term
|
Definition
| hormones that are secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by increasing the level of glucose in the bloodstream |
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Term
|
Definition
| sex glands; secrete hormones that regulate sexual development and behavior as well as reproduction |
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Term
|
Definition
| the system of rules governing the structure and use of a language |
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Term
|
Definition
| kind of thinking that occurs when people place more importance on maintinag group cohesiveness than on assessing the facts of the problem with which the group is concerned |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| in behaviorism, sets of well-learned responses that have become automatic |
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Term
|
Definition
| tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information |
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Term
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Definition
| false sensory perceptions, such as hearing voices that do not really exist |
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Term
|
Definition
| drugs that cause false sensory messages, altering the perception of reality |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client's behavior and statements |
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Term
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Definition
| a person who seems to thrive on stress but lacks the anger and hostility of the Type A personality |
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Term
|
Definition
| the daily annoyances of everyday life |
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Term
|
Definition
| area of psychology focusing on how physical activities, psychological traits, and social relationships affect overall health and rate of illnesses |
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Term
|
Definition
| the condition of posssessing both male and female sexual organs |
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Term
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Definition
| narcotic drug derived from opium that is extermely addictive |
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Term
|
Definition
| cycle or waves per second, a measurement of frequency |
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Term
|
Definition
| person attracted to the opposite sex |
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Term
|
Definition
| an educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions of a problem. Also known as a "rule of thumb" |
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|
Term
| higher-order conditioning |
|
Definition
| occurs when a storng conditioned stimulus is paried with a neutral stimuls, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to falsely believe, through revision of older memories to include newer infomration, that one could have correcly predicted the outcome of an event |
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Term
|
Definition
| curved stucture located within each temporal lobe, resonsible for the formation of long-term memories and the storage of memory for location of objects |
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Term
|
Definition
| a bar graph showing a frequency distribution |
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Term
|
Definition
| the tendency of body to maintain a steady state |
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Term
|
Definition
| person attracted to the same sex |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemicals released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands |
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Term
|
Definition
| the scientific study of the changes that occur in peopl as they age from conception until death |
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Term
|
Definition
| area of industrial/organizational psychology concerned with the study of the way humans and machines interact with each other |
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Term
|
Definition
| the "third force" in psychology that focuses on those apsects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice |
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Term
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Definition
| state of consciousness in which the person is espcially susceptible to suggestion |
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Term
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Definition
| somatoform disorder in which the person is terrified of being sick and worries constantly, going to doctors repeately, and becoming preoccupied with every sensation of the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| small sturicture in the brain located below the thalamus and directly above the pituitary gland responsible for motivational behavior such as sleep, hunger, thirst and sex |
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Term
|
Definition
| tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations |
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Term
|
Definition
| visual sensory memory lasting only a fraction of a second |
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Term
|
Definition
| part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious |
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Term
|
Definition
| one's perception of whom one should be or would like to be |
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Term
|
Definition
| defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety |
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Term
| identity versus role confusion |
|
Definition
| fifth stage of personality development in which the adolescent must find a consisten sense of self |
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Term
|
Definition
| type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe that other people are just as concerned about the adolescent's thoughts and characteristiscs as they themselves are |
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Term
|
Definition
| the system of cells, organs, and chemicals of the body that responds to attacks from diseases, infections, and injuries |
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Term
|
Definition
| memory that is not easiy brought into conscious awareness, such as procedural memory |
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Term
| implicit personality theory |
|
Definition
| sets of assumptions about how different types of people, personailty traits, and actions are related to each other |
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Term
|
Definition
| the forming of the first knowledge that a person has concerning another preson |
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Term
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Definition
| theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties |
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Term
|
Definition
| things that attract or lure people into action |
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Term
|
Definition
| variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter |
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Term
| individualized educational program (IEP) |
|
Definition
| a special education plan drawn up by teachers for children with special needs such as giftedness or mental retardation |
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|
Term
| industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology |
|
Definition
| area of psychology concerned with the relationships between people and their work environment |
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|
Term
| industry versus inferiority |
|
Definition
| fourth stage of personality development in which the child strives for a sense of competence and self-esteem. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the inability to retrieve memories from much before age 3 |
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Term
|
Definition
| statistical analysis of two or more sets of numerical data to deduce the possiblity of error in measurement and to determine if the differences between the data sets are greater than chance variation would predict |
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|
Term
| infomraiton-processing model |
|
Definition
| model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages |
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Term
|
Definition
| social groups with whom a person identifies; "us" |
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Term
|
Definition
| synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to stop firing |
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Term
|
Definition
| third stage of personality development in which the preschool-aged child stives for emotional and psycholgoical independence and attempts to satisfy curiosity about the world |
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Term
|
Definition
| the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly |
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Term
|
Definition
| therapies in which the main goal is helping people to gain insight with respect to their behavior, thoughts, and feelings |
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Term
|
Definition
| the inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality sleep |
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Term
|
Definition
| approach to motivation that assumes people are governed by instincts similar to those of animals |
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Term
|
Definition
| tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns |
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Term
|
Definition
| the biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a hormone secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrats in the body by reducing the level of glucose in the bloodstream |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to learn from one's experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems |
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|
Term
| intelligence quotient (IQ) |
|
Definition
| a number representing a measure of intelligence, resluting from the division of one's mental age by one's chronological age and then multiplying the quotient by 100 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a neuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives information from the afferent neurons and sends commands to the muscles through the efferent neurons. Interneurons also make up the bulk of the neurons in the brain |
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Term
|
Definition
| liking or having the desire for a relationship with another person |
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Term
|
Definition
| alternate term for hermaphroditism |
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Term
|
Definition
| a person who possesses ambiguous sexual organs, making it diffiuclt to determine actual sex from a visual inspection at birth |
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Term
|
Definition
| method of personality assessment in which the professional asks questions of the client and allows the client to answer, either in a structured or unstructured fashion |
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Term
|
Definition
| an emotinal and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care, while still maintaining a sense of self. |
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Term
|
Definition
| type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner |
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Term
|
Definition
| dimension of personality in which people tend to withdraw from excessive stimulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| people who prefer solitude and dislike being the center of attention |
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Term
|
Definition
| in Piaget's theory, the inabilty of the young child to mentally reverse an action |
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|
Term
| James-Lange theory of emotion |
|
Definition
| theory in which a physiolgocial reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion |
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Term
|
Definition
| educatoinal technique in which each individual is given only part of the information needed to solve a problem, causing the separate individuals to be forced to work togehter to find the solution |
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|
Term
| just noticeable difference (jnd or the difference threshold) |
|
Definition
| the smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50 percent of the time |
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Term
|
Definition
| people who prefer to learn by doing and being active |
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Term
|
Definition
| sense of the location of body parts in relation to the ground and each other |
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Term
|
Definition
| a system for combining symbols (such as words) so that an unlimited number of meaningful statements can be made for the purpose of communicating with others |
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Term
|
Definition
| fouth stage occuring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways |
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Term
|
Definition
| the symbolic or hidden meaning of dreams |
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Term
|
Definition
| learning that remains hidden until its application become useful |
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Term
|
Definition
| law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasureable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated |
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Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past |
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|
Term
| learning/perfomrance distinction |
|
Definition
| referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the particular way in which a person takes in information |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone that, when released into the bloodstream, signals the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food, and reduces the appetite while increasing the feeling of being full |
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Term
| levels-of-processing model |
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Definition
| model of memory that assumes information that is more "deeply processed," or processed according to its meaning rather tahan just the sound or physical characterisitcs of the word or words, will be remembere more efficiently and for a longer period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| the recovery of the eye's sensitivity to visual stimuli in light after exposure to darkness |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of several brain structures located under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory and motivation |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge on each other |
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Term
| linguistic relativity hypothesis |
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Definition
| the theory that thought processes and concepts are controlled by language |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives |
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Term
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Definition
| research design in which one participant or group of participants is studied over a long period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| the system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently |
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Term
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Definition
| getting a commitment froma person and then raising the cost of that commitment |
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Term
| LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) |
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Definition
| powerful synthetic hallucinogen |
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Term
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
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Definition
| brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain |
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Term
| magnification and minimization |
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Definition
| distoritons of thinking in which a person blows a negative event out of proportion to its importance (magnification) while ignoring relevant positive events (minimization) |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to interpret situations as far more dangerous, harmful or important than they actually are |
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Term
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Definition
| practice of saying some information to be remembered over and over in one's head in order to maintin it in short-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| severe depression that comes on suddenly and seems to have no external cause |
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Term
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Definition
| anything that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life |
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Term
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Definition
| glands within the breast tissue that produce milk when a woman gives birth to an infant |
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Term
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Definition
| having the quality of excessive excitement, energy, and elation or irritability |
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Term
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Definition
| the actual content of one's dream (as opposed to latent content) |
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Term
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Definition
| mild hallucinogen (aka pot, weed) derived from the leaves and flowers of a particular type of hemp plant |
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Term
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Definition
| designer durg that can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects |
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Term
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Definition
| the arithmetic average of a distribution of numbers |
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Term
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Definition
| heuristic in which the difference between the starting situation and the goal is determined and then steps are taken to reduce that difference |
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Term
| measure of central tendency |
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Definition
| numbers that best represent the most typical score of a frequency distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| themiddle score in an ordered distirbution of scores, or the mean of the two middle numbers; the 50th percentile |
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Term
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Definition
| mental series of exercises meant to refocus attention and achieve a trancelike state of consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| the first large swelling at the top of the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the brain, which is responsible for life-sustatining funcitons such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate |
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Term
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Definition
| an active system that receives information from the senses, puts that information into a usable form, and organizes it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage |
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Term
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Definition
| physcial change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed |
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Term
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Definition
| the cessation of ovualtion and menstrual cycles and the end of a woman's reproductive capability |
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Term
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Definition
| monthly shedding of the blood and tissue that line the uterus in preparation for pregnancy when conception does not occur |
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Term
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Definition
| mental represntations that stand for objects or events and have a picture-like quality |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for people to persist in using problem-solving patterns that have worked for them in the past |
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Term
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Definition
| natural hallucinogen derived form the peyote cactus buttons |
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Term
|
Definition
| brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to give little or no importance to one's successes or positive events and traits |
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Term
|
Definition
| neurons that fire when an animal or person performs an action and also when an animal or person observes that same action being performed by another |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself |
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Term
|
Definition
| a strategy or trick for aiding memory |
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Term
|
Definition
| the most frequent score in a distirbution of scores |
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Term
|
Definition
| learning through the observation and imitation of others |
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Term
| monocular cues (pictorial depth cues) |
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Definition
| cues for perceiving depth based on one eye only |
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Term
|
Definition
| identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into separate embyro |
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Term
|
Definition
| disorders in which mood is severely disturbed |
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest units of meaning within a language |
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Term
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Definition
| narcotic drug derived from opium, used to treat severe pain |
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Term
|
Definition
| the perception of motion of objects in which close objects appear to move more quickly than objects that are farther away |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met |
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Term
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Definition
| section of the frontal lobe located at the back, responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system |
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Term
|
Definition
| nerves coming from the CNS to the voluntary muscles, consiting of efferent neurons |
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Term
|
Definition
| illusion of line length that is distorted by inward-turning or outward-turning corners on the ends of the lines, causing lines of equal length to appear to be different |
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Term
| multiple approach-avoidance conflict |
|
Definition
| conflict in which the person must decide between more than two goals, with each goal possessing both positve and negative aspects |
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Term
|
Definition
| fatty substances prduced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse |
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Term
|
Definition
| sleep diorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning |
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Term
|
Definition
| a class of opium-related drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system's natrual receptor sites for endorphins |
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Term
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Definition
| concepts people form as a result of their experiences in the real world |
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Term
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Definition
| immune system cell responsible for suppressing viruses and destroying tumor cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the influence of our inherited characterisitcs on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions |
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Term
|
Definition
| a requirment of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism |
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Term
| need for achievement (Nach) |
|
Definition
| a need that involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones |
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Term
| need for affiliation (NAff) |
|
Definition
| the need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others |
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Term
|
Definition
| the need to have control or influence over others |
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Term
|
Definition
| the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
| symptoms of schizophrenia that are less than normal behavior or an absence of normal behavior; poor attention, flat affect, and poor speech production |
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Term
|
Definition
| a distirbution of scores in which score are concentrated in the high end of the distribution |
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Term
|
Definition
| followers of Freud who developed their own competing psychodynamic theories |
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Term
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Definition
| bundles of axons coated in myelin that travel together through the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| an extensive network of specialized cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| the basic cell that makes up the nervous system and that receives and sends messages within that system |
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Term
|
Definition
| the ability within the brain to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in response to experience or trauma |
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Term
|
Definition
| a branch of life sciences that deals with the structure and fuction of neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue, especially focusing on their relationship to behavior and learning |
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Term
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Definition
| personalities typified by maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships in Hornye's theory |
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Term
|
Definition
| degree of emotional instibility or stability |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that, when released, has an effect on the next cell |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulus that has no effect on the desired response |
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Term
|
Definition
| the active ingredient in tobacco |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively rare disorder in which the person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep without waking fully |
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Term
|
Definition
| bad dreams occurring during REM sleep |
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Term
|
Definition
| any of the stages of sleep that do not include REM |
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Term
|
Definition
| therapy sytle in which the therapist remains relatively neutral and does not interpret or take direct actions with regard to the client, instead remaining a calm, nonjudgemental listener while the client talks |
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Term
|
Definition
| assumption that if someone does something for a person, that person should do something for the other in return |
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Term
|
Definition
| a special frequency polygon in which the scores are symetrically distributed around the mean, and the mean, median, and mode are all located on the same point on the curve with scores decreasing as the curve extends from the mean |
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Term
|
Definition
| the influence of the environment on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions |
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Term
|
Definition
| changing one's behavior at the command of an authority figure |
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Term
|
Definition
| the knowlege that an object exists even when it is not in sight |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities |
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Term
|
Definition
| learning new behavior by watching an model perform that behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| tendency of observers to see what they expect to see |
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Term
|
Definition
| tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed |
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Term
| obsessive-compulsive disorder |
|
Definition
| disorder in which intruding, recurring thoughts or obsessions create anxiety that is relieved by performing a repetitive, ritualistic behavior (compulsion) |
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Term
|
Definition
| section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere containing the visual centers of the brain |
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Term
|
Definition
| situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same-sex parent |
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Term
| olfaction (olfactory sense) |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| areas of the brain located just above the sinus cavity and just below the frontal lobes that receive information from the olfactory receptor cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| one of the five factors; willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences |
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|
Term
| The Big Five(OCEAN-Characteristics) |
|
Definition
| Opennes, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism |
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Term
|
Definition
| any behavior that is voluntary |
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Term
|
Definition
| the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses |
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Term
|
Definition
| definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured |
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Term
|
Definition
| substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived |
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Term
|
Definition
| theory of color vision that proposes four primary colors with cones arrange in pairs: red and green, blue and yellow |
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Term
|
Definition
| people who expect positive outcomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| first stage occurring in the first yar of life in whihc the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict |
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Term
| organic or stress-induced dysfuction |
|
Definition
| sexual problem caused by physical disorder or psychological stress |
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Term
|
Definition
| a series of rhythmic contractions of the muscles of the baginal walls or the penis, also the third and shortest phase of sexual response |
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Term
|
Definition
| social groups with whom a person does not identify: "them" |
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Term
|
Definition
| the female suxual glands or gonads |
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Term
|
Definition
| distortion of thinking in which a person draws sweeping conclusions based on only one incident or event and applies those conclusions to events that are unrelated to the original; also the tendency to interpret a single negative event as a never-ending pattern of defeat and failure |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the assumption that an object that appears to be blocking part of another object is in front of the second object and closer to view |
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Term
|
Definition
| the female sex cell, or egg |
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Term
|
Definition
| endocrine gland; controls the levels of sugar in the blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| sudden onset of intense panic in which multiple phsycial symptoms of stress occur, often with feelings that one is dying |
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Term
|
Definition
| disroder in which panic attacks occur frequently enough to cause the person difficulty in adjusting to daily life |
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|
Term
| panic disorder with agoraphobia |
|
Definition
| fear of leaving one's familiar surroundings because oone might have a panice attack in public |
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|
Term
| parallel distributed processing (PDP) model |
|
Definition
| a model of memory in which memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections |
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Term
|
Definition
| a number representing some measure of central tendency or variablity within a population |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| type of schizphreniain whihc the person suffers from delusions of persecution, grandeur, and jealousy, together with hallucinations |
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Term
|
Definition
| a sexual disorder in which the person's preferred method of sexual arousal and fulfillment is through sexual behvior that is unusual or socially unacceptable |
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Term
|
Definition
| the study of ESP, ghosts, and other subjects that do not normally fall into the realm of ordinary psychology |
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Term
|
Definition
| part of the ANS that restores the body to normal funcitoning after arousal and is responsible for the day-to-day functioing of the organs and glands |
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Term
|
Definition
| sections of the brain located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations |
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|
Term
| partial reinforcement effect |
|
Definition
| the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction |
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Term
|
Definition
| technique in which a model demonstrates the desired behavior in a step-by-step, gradual process while the client is encouraged to imitate the model |
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Term
|
Definition
| a naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed |
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Term
|
Definition
| sysnthesized drug now used as an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects |
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Term
|
Definition
| according to Maslow, times in a peron's life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved |
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Term
|
Definition
| a person hwo has recurring sexual thoughts, fantasies, or engages in sexual actions toward prepubescent (nonsexually mature) children |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| deririvng sexual arousal and pleasure from touching or having sexual relations with prepubescent children or fantasizing about such contact |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the organ through which males urninate and which delivers the male sex cells or sperm |
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Term
|
Definition
| the mehtod by which the sensations experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion |
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|
Term
| perceptual set (perceptual expectancy) |
|
Definition
| the tendency to percieve things a certain way because previous experiences or expectations influence those perceptions |
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|
Term
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
|
Definition
| all nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run through the body itself |
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|
Term
| peripheral-route processing |
|
Definition
| type of infomration processing that involves attending to factors not involved in the message, such as the appearance of the source of the message, the length of the message and other noncontent factros |
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Term
|
Definition
| permisive parenting in which parents are so involved that children are allowed to behave without set limits |
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Term
|
Definition
| permissive parenting in whihc parents are uninvolved with child or childs behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| style of parenting in whihch parent makes few, if any demands on a child's behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themsevles to be unique and protected from harm |
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Term
|
Definition
| Jung's name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud |
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Term
|
Definition
| the unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave |
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Term
|
Definition
| disorders in whihc a person adopts a persistent, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with normal social interactions |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response fromm the person taking the test |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| area of psychology in which the psychologists study the differences in personality among people |
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Term
|
Definition
| distortion of thinking in which a person takes responsibilty or blame for events that are unconnected to the person |
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Term
|
Definition
| a nondirective insight therapy based on the work of Carl Rogers in which the client does all the talking and the therapist listens |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which one person tries to change the belief, opinion, positioin, or couse of action of another person through arguement, pleading or explanation |
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Term
|
Definition
| people who expect negative outcomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| third stage occurring from about 3 to 6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings |
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Term
|
Definition
| an irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the basic units of sound in language |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of lights to treat seasonal affective disorder or other disorders |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| condition occurring when a peron's body become unable to function normally without a particular drug |
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Term
|
Definition
| area of psychology in which the psychologists study the biological bases of behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| endocrine gland located near the base of the cerebrum; secretes meltonin |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the visible part of the ear |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| psychological experience of sound that corresponds to the frequency of the sound waves; higher frequenices are perceived as higher pitches |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| gland located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormone-secreting glands (also known as the master gland) |
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Term
|
Definition
| theory of pitch that states that different pitches are experienced by the stimulation of hair cells in differentt locations on the organ of Corti |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences |
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Term
|
Definition
| line graph showing a frequency distribution |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the larger swelling above the medulla that connects the top of the brain to the bottom and that plays a part in sleep, dreaming, left-right body coordination, and arousal |
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Term
|
Definition
| the entire group of people or animals in which the researcher is interested |
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|
Term
| positive psychology movement |
|
Definition
| a viewpoint that recommends shifting the focus of psychologyaway from the negative aspects to a more positive focus on strenghts, well-being, and the pursuit of happiness |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| warmth, affection, love and respect that come from significant others in one's life |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the reinforcement of a response by the addition of experiencing of of a pleasurable stimulus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| symptoms of schizphrenia that are excesses of behavior or occur in addition to normal behavior; hallucinations, delusions, and distorted thinking |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a distribution of scores in whihc scores are concentrated in the low end of the distribution |
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|
Term
| positron emission tomography (PET) |
|
Definition
| brain-imaging metod in which a radioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-coded image of the activiy of the brain with ligher color indicating more acitivity |
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|
Term
| postconventional morality |
|
Definition
| third level of Kholberg's stages of moral devlopment in which the peron's behavior is govenred by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and that may be in disagreement with accpeted soical norms |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| depression occurring within a year after giving birth in about 10 percent of women and that includes intense worryabout the baby, thoughts of suicide, and fears of harming the baby |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a rare and severe form of depression that occurs in women just after giving birth and includes delusional thinking and hallucinations |
|
|
Term
| post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
|
Definition
| a disorder resuliting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, nightmares, poor sleep, reliving the event, and concentration problems, lasting for more than a month |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to use information to get along in life and become successful |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| aspects of language involving the practical ways of communicating with others, or the social "niceties" of language |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| first level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| psychosurgery in whihc hte connections of the prefrontal lobes of the brain to the rear portions are severed |
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Term
|
Definition
| negative attitude held by a person about the members of a particular social group |
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Term
|
Definition
| Piaget's second stage of congitive development in which the prechool cihld learns to use language as a means of exploring the world |
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Term
|
Definition
| the psychological experience produced by urgnt demands of expectations for a person's behvior that come form an outside source |
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Term
|
Definition
| tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the first step in assessing stress, which involves estimatinog the severity of a stressor and classifying it as either a threat or a challenging |
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Term
|
Definition
| those drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch |
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|
Term
| primary sex characteristics |
|
Definition
| sexual organs present at birth and direclty involved in human reproduction |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| memory retrieval problem that occurs when older information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of newer information |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| process of cognitiion that occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| coping strategies that try to eliminate the source of a stress or reduce its impact through direct actions |
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|
Term
| procedural (nondeclarative) memory |
|
Definition
| type of long-term memory including memory for skills,procedures, habits, and conditioned repsones. These memories are not conscous but are implied to exist because they affect conscious behavior |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| psychological defense mechanism in which unaccpetable or threatening impulses or feelings are seen as originating with someone else, usually the target of the impulses or feelings |
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Term
|
Definition
| personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind |
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Term
|
Definition
| socially desirable behavior that benefits others |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| gland that secretes most of the fluid holding the male sex cells or sperm |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| an example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| physical or geographical nearness |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| system of explaining human behvior that are not based on or consistent with scientific evidence |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| natrual hallucinogen found in certain mushrooms |
|
|
Term
| psychiatric social worker |
|
Definition
| a social worker with some training in therapy methods who focuses on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on metal disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding, stress, and drug abuse |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Freud's term for both the theory of personality and the therapy based on it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| either a psychiatrist or a psychologist who has speical training in the theories of Sigmund Freud and his method of psychoanalysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modern version of psychoanalysis that is more focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of other motivations behind a person's behavior than sexual motivations |
|
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Term
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Definition
| a newer an dmore general term for therapies based on psychoanalysis with an emphasis on transference, shorter treament times, and a more direct therapeutic approach |
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Term
| psychological defense mechanisms (460) |
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Definition
| unconscious distortions of a person's perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| the feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being |
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Term
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Definition
| any pattern of behavior that casues people significant distress, cause them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life |
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Definition
| a professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology |
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Term
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Definition
| the scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of abnormal behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the effects of psychological factors such as stress, emotions, thoughts and behavior on the immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of drugs to control or relieve the symptoms of psycholgocal disorders |
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Term
| psychophysiological disorder |
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Definition
| modern term for psychosomatic disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| five stages of personlity development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child |
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Term
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Definition
| disorder in which psychological stess causes a real physical disorder or illness |
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Term
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Definition
| surgery performed on brain tissue to relieve or control severe psychological disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| therapy for mental disorders in which a person with a problem talks with a psychological professional |
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Term
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Definition
| term applied to a person who is no longer able to perceive what is real and what is fantasy |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak |
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Term
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Definition
| any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again |
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Term
| punishment by application |
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Definition
| the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| process of assigning subject to the experimental r control groups randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eylides and the person is typically experiencing dreams |
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Term
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Definition
| assessment in which a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale |
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Term
| rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) |
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Definition
| cognitive-behavioral therapy in which clients are direclty challenged in their irrational beliefs and helped to resturcture their thinking in to order rational belief statements |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological defense mechanism in which a person invents acceptable excuses for unaccpetable behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| psychological defense mechanism in which a person forms an opposite emotional or behavioral reaction ot hte way he or she really feels to keep those true feelings hidden from self and other |
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Term
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Definition
| one's perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities |
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Term
| realistic conflict theory |
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Definition
| theory stating that prejudice and discrimination will be increased between groups that are in conflict over a limited resource |
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Term
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Definition
| principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result |
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Term
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Definition
| type of memory retrieval in whcih the information io be retrieved must be 'pulled' from memory with very few external cues |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to remember information at the end of a body of infomration better than the information at the beginning of it |
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Term
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Definition
| form of meditation in which a person attempts to become aware of everything in immediate conscious experience, or an expansion of consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| holes in the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands, which are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| referring to a gente that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical gene |
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Term
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Definition
| Bandura's explanation of how the factors of environment, persoanl characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of people to like other people who like them in return |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or ract |
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Term
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Definition
| therapy technique in which the therapist restates what the client says rather than interpreting those statements |
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Term
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Definition
| the connection of the afferent neurons to the interneurons to the efferent neurons, resulting in a reflex action |
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Term
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Definition
| the connection of the afferent neurons to the interneurons to the efferent neurons, resulting in a reflex action |
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Term
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Definition
| time period in males just after orgasm in which the mail cannot become aroused or achieve correction |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological defense mechanism in which a person falls back on childlike patterns of responding to a reaction to stressful situations |
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Term
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Definition
| Reinforce our The strengthening of the response by following it with a pleasurable consequence or the removal of an unpleasant stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| Any event or object that, when following a response, increases the likelihood of that response occurring again |
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Term
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Definition
| Perception that occurs when objects that a person expects to be above a certain size up here to the small and far, therefore, assumed to be much farther away |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency of a test to reduce the same scores again and again each time is given to the same people |
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Term
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Definition
| A rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to trash around and even get out and back down nightmares |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability of the voluntary muscles to move during REM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights |
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Term
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Definition
| In research, we're seeing a steady or experiment to see the same results will be attained in an effort to demonstrate reliability of results |
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Term
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Definition
| Randomly selected sample subjects from a larger population of subjects |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event, instead of pushing those events into the unconscious mind if |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurring when a patient becomes reluctant to talk about a certain topic, either changing the subject or becoming signed |
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Term
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Definition
| The final phase of the sexual response in which the body is returned to a Normal State |
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Term
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Definition
| The state and a wrong when a fire in a neural impulse |
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Term
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Definition
| theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage |
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Term
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Definition
| an area of neurons running through the middle of the medula and the pons and slightly beyond that is responsible for selective attention. |
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Term
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Definition
| Getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus for remembering |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory retrieval problem that occurs when new or information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, or a loss of memory from the past |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which neurotransmitters are take back into the synaptic vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
| Visual illusions in which to figure and ground can be reversed |
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Term
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Definition
| The visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina, responsible for non color sensitivity to low levels of light |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of love consisting of intimacy and passion |
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Term
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Definition
| Projected test that uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to excel in certain areas, or specific intelligence |
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Term
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Definition
| Group of subjects selected from a larger population of subjects, usually selected randomly |
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Term
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Definition
| Process in which a more skilled letter gets help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable |
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Term
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Definition
| In this case, a mental concept formed through experiences with objects and events |
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Term
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Definition
| Severe disorder in which the person suffers from a disordered thinking, bizzare behavior, hallucinations, and inability to distinguish between fantasy and reality |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychology in which the psychologist works directly in the schools, doing assessments, educational placement, and diagnosing educational problems |
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Term
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Definition
| System of gathering data and so the bias and error in measurements are reduced |
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Term
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Definition
| External sack that holds the testes |
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Term
| seasonal affective disorder SAD |
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Definition
| In disorder caused by the body's reaction to the levels of sunlight in the winter months |
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Term
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Definition
| The second step in assessing a threat, which involves estimating that the resources available to the person for coping with the stressor |
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Term
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Definition
| Any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after becoming paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars |
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Term
| Secondary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| Sexual organs and trace the development puberty and are indirectly involved in human reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input |
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Term
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Definition
| Distortion of thinking in which a person focuses only on one aspect of a situation while ignoring all other relevant aspects |
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Term
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Definition
| archetype that works with the ego to manage other archetypes and balance the personality |
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Term
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Definition
| according to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential |
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Term
| self-actualizing tendency |
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Definition
| the striving to fulfill one's innate capacities and capabilities |
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Term
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Definition
| the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one's life |
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Term
| self-determination theory (SDT) |
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Definition
| theory of human motivation in which the social contex t of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action |
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Term
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Definition
| individual's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of one's expectations to affect one's behavior in such a way as to make the expectations more likely to occur |
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Term
| self-help groups (support groups) |
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Definition
| a group composed of people who have similar problems and who meet togehter without a therapist or counselor for the purpose of discussion, problem soving, and social and emotional support |
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Term
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Definition
| type of declarative memory containing general knowledge, such as knowlege of language and information learned in formal education |
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Term
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Definition
| model of memory organization that assumes information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion, with concepts that are related stored phsycially clower to eachc other than concepts that are not highly related |
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Term
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Definition
| the rules for dtermining the meaning of words and sentences |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid released from the penis at orgasm that contais the sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| the process that occurs when speical recptors in the sense organs are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural signals in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| someone who needs more arousal than the average person |
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Term
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Definition
| piaget's first stage of congnitive development in which the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging |
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Term
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Definition
| an explanation of motion sickness in whihc the information from the eyes conflicts with the information from the vestibular senses, resuliting in dissiness, nasuea, and other physical discomfort |
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Term
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Definition
| the very first stage of memory, the point at whihc infromation events the nervous system through the sensroy systems |
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Term
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Definition
| nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of afferent neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of infomration at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information |
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Term
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Definition
| prejudice about males and/or females leading to unequal treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| behvior that is unacceptable according to societal norms and expectations |
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Term
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Definition
| a problem in sexual functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's sexual attraction and affection for members of either the opposite or the same se |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to interpet the shape of an object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| the reinforcemnt of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| The memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference between groups of numerical data that's considers large enough to be due to factors other than chance variation |
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Term
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Definition
| frequency distribution in which most of the scores fall to one side or the other of distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| A tendency to perceive things that work similar to each other as being part of the same group |
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Term
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Definition
| Studying which the subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group |
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Term
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Definition
| Cause of behavior attributed to external factors, such as the ways, the action of others, or some other aspect of the situation |
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Term
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Definition
| The social or environmental setting of a person's behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to interpret an object is always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance |
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Term
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Definition
| The sensation of touch, pressure, temperature, pain |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorder in which the person stops breathing for nearly ½ minute or more |
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Term
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Definition
| Any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irritability |
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Term
| Sleepwalking (somnambulsim) |
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Definition
| Occurring during keep sweet, a 1% of moving around for walking around in one sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| the assignment of a person one has just met to a category based on characterisitics the new person has in common iwht other people with whom one has had experience in the past |
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Term
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Definition
| the mental processes that people use to make sense of the social world arund them |
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Term
| social-cogntitive learning theorists |
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Definition
| theorists who emphasize the importance of both the influences of other people's behavior and of a person's own expectancies of learning |
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Term
| social-cognitive theory of hypnosis |
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Definition
| theory that assumes that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state but are merely playing the role expected of them in the situation |
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Term
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Definition
| learning theory that inlcudes cogntive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models |
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Term
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Definition
| referring to the use of cognitive processes in relation to understanding the social world |
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Term
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Definition
| the compairson of oneself to otthers in ways that raise one's self-esteem |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for the presence of toehr people to have a positive impact on the performance of an easy task |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the self-concept including one's view of self as a member of a particular social category |
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Term
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Definition
| theory in whihc the formation of a person's identity within a particular soical group is explained by social categorization, social identity, and social comparison |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for the presence of other people to have a negative impact on the performance of a difficult task |
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Term
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Definition
| the process through whihc the real or implied presence of others can direclty or indirectly influence the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| people who prefer to learn with other people or in groups |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for people to put less effort into a simple task when working with others on that task |
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Term
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Definition
| fear of interacting with others or being in soical situations that might lead to a negative evalutation |
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Term
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Definition
| the sientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others |
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Term
| Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) |
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Definition
| assessment that measures the amount of stress in a person's life over a one-year period resulting from major life events |
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Term
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Definition
| the pattern of behavior that is expected of a person who is in a particular social position |
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Term
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Definition
| the network of family, friends, neighbors, coworkers, and others who can offer support, comfort, or aid to a person in need |
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Term
| sociocultural perspective |
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Definition
| perspective in whihc abnormal behavior (like normal behavior) is seen as the product of the learning and shaping of behavior within the context of the family, the social group to which one belongs, and the culture within which the family and social group exist |
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Term
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Definition
| the cell body of the neuron responsible for maintaining the life of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| somatoform disorder in which the person dramatically complains of a specific symptom such as nausea, difficulty swallowing, or pain for whihc there is no real physical cause |
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Term
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Definition
| disorders that take the form of bodily illnesses and symptoms but for which there are no real physical disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| area of neurons running down the front of the parietal lobes responsible for processing informaiton form the skin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature, body position, and possibly taste |
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Term
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Definition
| the body sense consiting of the skin senses, the kinesthetic sense, and the vestibular senses |
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Term
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Definition
| the more basic tratis that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality |
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Term
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Definition
| condition produced by damage to the association areas of the right hemisphere resulting in an inablity to recognize objects or body parts in the left visual field |
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Term
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Definition
| fear of objects or specific situations or events |
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Term
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Definition
| a long bundle of neurons that carries messaes between the body and the brain and is responsible for very fast, lifesaving reflexes |
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Term
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Definition
| a long bundle of neurons that carries messaes between the body and the brain and is responsible for very fast, lifesaving reflexes |
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Term
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Definition
| the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occured |
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Term
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Definition
| area of psychology in which the psychologist help athletes and others to prepare themselves mentally for participation in sports activities |
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Term
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Definition
| the square root of the average squared deviations from the mean of scores in a distibution; a measure of variability |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of central tendency or variability computed from a sample |
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Term
| statistically significant |
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Definition
| referring to differences in data sets that are larger than chance variation would predict |
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Term
| statistically significant |
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Definition
| referring to differences in data sets that are larger than chance variation would predict |
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Term
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Definition
| brac of mathematics concerned withthe collection and interpretation of numerical data |
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Term
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Definition
| sepcial cells found in all the tissues of the body that are capable of manufacturing other cell types when tose cells need to be replaced due to damage or wear and tear |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of characteristics that people believe is shared by all members of a particular social category usually based on superficial, irrelevant characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| the effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system |
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Term
| stimulatory hallucinogenics |
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Definition
| drugs that produce a mixture of psychochomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity |
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Term
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Definition
| original theory in whihc pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred becasue the conditined stimulus became a substitue for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together |
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Term
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Definition
| holding onto information for some period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| the term used to descirbe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging |
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Term
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Definition
| events that cause a stress reaction |
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Term
| stress-vulnerability model |
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Definition
| explanation of disorder that assumes a biological sensitivity, or vulnerability, to a certain disorder will result in the development of that disorder under the right conditions of environmental stress |
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Term
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Definition
| early perspective in psychology associated with Wilhem Wundt and Edward Titchener, in which the focus of study is the structure of basic elements of the mind |
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Term
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Definition
| referring to concepts an dimpressions that are only valid within a particular person's perception and may be influenced by biases, prejudice, and personal experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| emotional distress or emotional pain |
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Term
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Definition
| channeling socially unacceptable impulses and urges into socially accpetable behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the most specific category of a concept, such as one's pet dog or a pear in one's hand |
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Term
| successive approximations |
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Definition
| small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the personlity that acts as a moral center |
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Term
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Definition
| the most general form of a type of concept, such as "animal" or "fruit" |
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Term
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Definition
| aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person |
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Term
| sympathetic division (fight-or-flight system) |
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Definition
| part of the ANS that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| mircoscopic fluid-filled space between the synaptic knob of one cell and the dendrites or surface of the next cell |
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Term
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Definition
| saclike structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
| disorder in which the signals from the various sensory organs are processed in the wrong corical areas, resulting in the sense information being interpreted as more than one sensation |
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Term
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Definition
| the system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences |
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Term
| systematic desensitizaiton |
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Definition
| behavior technique used to treat phobias, in which a client is asked to make a list of ordered fears and taught to relax while concentrating on those fears |
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Term
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Definition
| people who need to touch objects in order to learn about them |
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Term
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Definition
| the enduring characteristics with which each person is born |
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Term
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Definition
| areas of the cortex located just behind the temples containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech |
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Term
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Definition
| any factor that can cause a birth defect |
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Term
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Definition
| the male sex glands or gonads |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for textured surfaces to appear to become smaller and finer as distance from the viewer increases |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain, this structure relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the porper areas of the cortex and processes some sensory infromation before sending it to its proper area |
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Term
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Definition
| a sales technique in which the persuader makes an offer and then adds something eextra to make the offer look better before the target person can make a decision |
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Term
| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
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Definition
| projective test taht uses 20 picute of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| the relationship between therapist and client that develops as a warm, caring, accepting relationship characterized by empathy, mutal respect, and understanding |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment methods aimed at making people feel better and funciton more effectively |
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Term
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Definition
| brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand infomration and communicating information to others |
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Term
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Definition
| endocrine gland found in the neck; regulates metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| an extinction process in whihc a person is removed from the situation that provides reinforcement for undesirable behavior, usually by being placed in a quiet corner or room away from possible attention and reinforcement oppurtunities |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in whihc the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges. |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of preexisting knwledge to organized individual features into a unified whole |
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Term
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Definition
| a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving |
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Term
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Definition
| therioes that endeavor to described the charactersitics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior |
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Term
| trait-situation interaction |
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Definition
| the assumtpiong that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of converting outside stimuli, such as light, into neural activity |
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Term
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Definition
| in psychoanalysis, the tendency for a patient or client to project positive or negative feeling for important people from the past onto the therapist |
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| deriving sexual arousal and pleasure fromdressing in the clothing of the opposite sex |
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| trial and error (mechanical solution) |
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Definition
| problem-solving method in whihc one possible solution after another is tried until a successful one is found |
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| triarchic theory of intelligence |
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Definition
| Sternberg's theory that ther are three kinds of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical |
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Definition
| theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones: red, blue, and green |
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| first stage of personality development in whihc the infant's basic sense of trust or mistrust develops as a result of consistent or inconsistent care |
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| person who is ambititous, time conscious, extremely hardworking, and tends to have high levels of hostilty and anger as well as being easily annoyed |
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Definition
| person who is relzeed and laid-back, less driven and competitive that Type A, and slow to anger |
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| pleasant but repressed person, who tends to internalize his or her anger and anxiety and who finds expressing emotions difficult |
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Definition
| type of inferetial statistical analysis typically used when two means are compared to see if they are significantly different |
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Term
| unconditional positive regard |
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Definition
| positive regard that is given without conditions or stings attached |
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Term
| unconditional positive regard |
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Definition
| referring to the warmth, respect, and accepting atmosphere created by the therapist for the client in person-centered therapy |
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Term
| unconditioned response (UCR) |
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Definition
| an involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involutary (reflex) response |
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Definition
| level of th emind in whihc thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information are kept that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness |
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Definition
| electroconvulsive therapy in whihc the electrodes are placed on only one sed of the head and the forehead |
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Definition
| the womb in which the baby grows during pregnancy |
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| the tube that leads from the outside of a female's body to the opening of the womb |
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Definition
| the degree to which a test actually measures what it's supposed to measure |
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Term
| variable interval schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event |
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Term
| variable ratio schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| schedule of reinforcement in which the number or responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event |
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Definition
| the sensations of movement, balance, and body position |
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Definition
| classical conditioning of a relfex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person |
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Definition
| the change in the thickness of the lens as the ey efocuses on object that are far away or close |
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Definition
| people who learn best by seeing, reading, and looking at images |
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| theory of pitch that states that frequencies above 100 Hz cause the hair cells (auditory neurons) to firein a volley pattern, or take turns firing |
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Definition
| state in chih thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, organized, and the person feels alert |
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Definition
| the particular level of weight that the body tries to maintain |
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Definition
| condition resulting from damage to Wernickes area, causing the affected person ot be unable to understand or produce meaningful language |
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Term
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Definition
| phsycial symptoms that can include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure, resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems |
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Definition
| an active system that processes the information in short-term memory |
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Definition
| law stating performance is related to arousal; moderate levels of arousal lead to better performance than do levels of arousal that are too low or too high. This effect varies with the difficulty of the task: Easy tasks require a high-moderate level wheras more difficult tasks require a low-moderate level |
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Term
| zone of proximal development (ZPD) |
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Definition
| Vygotsky's concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that chid can do with the help of a teacher |
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Definition
| a statistical mearusre that indicates how far away from the mean a particular score is in terms of the number of standard deviations that exist between the mean and that score |
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Definition
| cell resulting from the uniting of the ovum and the sperm |
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