Term
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Definition
| the creation of new cognitive schemas when objects, experiences, or other information does not fit with existing schemas |
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Definition
| the firing on a neuron. Occurs when the charge inside the neuron becomes more positive than the charge outside |
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Definition
| Behavior that is unselfish and may even be detrimental but which benefits others. |
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Definition
| Loss of memory. Usually only a partial loss such as for a period of time or biographical information |
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Term
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Definition
| the physiological and psychological reaction to an expected danger, whether real or imagined |
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Definition
| the impairment of the ability to communicate either through oral or written discourse as a result of brain damage. |
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Definition
| the theory stating that we are motivated by our innate desire to maintain an optimal level of arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| incorporatin objects, experiences, or information into existing schemas. |
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Term
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Definition
| the phenomenon in learning that states we are better able to remember information if it is paired with something we are familiar with or otherwise stands out. |
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Definition
| the strong bond a child forms with his or her primary caregiver |
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Term
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Definition
| an idea or belief about the etiology of a certain behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| parenting style focused on excessive rules, rigid belief systems, and the expectation of unquestioned obedience. |
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Term
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Definition
| parenting style focused on setting reasonable rules and expectations while encouraging communication and independence. |
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Definition
| A rule of thumb stating that information more readily available in our memory is more important than information not as easily accessible. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of behavioral treatment where an aversive stimuli is paired with a negative behavior in hopes that the behavior will change in the future to avoid the aversive stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| the tail-like part of the neuron through which information exits the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the application of behavioral theory to change a specific behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the application of behavioral theory in the treatment of mental illness |
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Term
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Definition
| the school of psychology founded on the premise that behavior is measurable and can be changed through the application of various behavioral principles. |
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Term
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Definition
| As a way to avoid the placebo effect in research, this type of study is designed without the subject's knowledge of the anticipated results and sometimes even the nature of the study. The subjects are said to be 'blind' to the expected results |
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Term
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Definition
| an aphasia associated with damage to the Broca's area of the brain, demonstrated by the impairment to producing understandable speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a result of extended job stress and unrewarded repetition of duties. Burnout is seen as extreme dissatisfaction, pessimism, lowerd job satisfaction, and a desire to quit |
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Term
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Definition
| the main part of a neuron where the information is processed |
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Term
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Definition
| A young child's tendencyto focus only on his or her own perspective of a specific object and a failure to understand that others may see things differently. |
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Term
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Definition
| the behavioral technique of pairing a naturally occuring stimulus and response chain with a different stimulus in order to produce a response which is not naturally occuring |
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Definition
| a humanistic therapy based on Carl Roger's beliefs that an individual has an unilmited capacity for psychological growth and will continue to grow unless barriers are placed in the way. |
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Term
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Definition
| power derived through the ability to punish. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of receiving, processing, storing, and using information. |
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Term
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
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Definition
| Treatment involving thecombination of behaviorism(based on theories of learning) and cognitive therapy(based on the theory that our cognitions or thoughts control a large portion of our behaviors) |
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Term
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Definition
| the treatment approach based on the theory that our cognitions or thoughts control a large part of our behaviors and emotions. Tehrefore, changing the way we think can result in positive changed in the way we act and feel |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical act resulting from an obsession. Typically a compulsive act is done in an attempt to alleviate the disomfort created by an obsession. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of learning new behaviors or responses as a result of their consequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| the understanding, typically achieved in later childhood, that matter remains the same even when the shape changes |
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Term
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Definition
| the physiological changes in the brain associated with memory storage. |
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Term
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Definition
| the failure to store information in memory |
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that information learned in a particulare situation or place is better remembered when in that same situation or place. |
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Term
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Definition
| the application of reinforcement every time a specific behavior occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| a time frame deemed highly important in developing in a healthy manner; can be physically, emotionally, behaviorally, or cognitively. |
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Term
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Definition
| the pysiological and psychological response to the belief that there are too many people in a specified area. |
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Term
| Crystallized Intelligence |
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Definition
| the part of intelligence which involves the acquisition, as opposed to the use, of information. |
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Term
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Definition
| theory which states that memory fades and/or disappears over time if it is not used or accessed. |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of long-term memory where factual information is stored, such as mathematical formulas, vocabulary, and life events. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the variable in an experiment that is emasured; the outcome of an experiment. |
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Term
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Definition
| the area of psychology focused on how children grow psychologically to become who they are as adults |
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest change in perception which is noticeable at least 50% of the time |
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Term
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Definition
| in behavioral theory, the learned ability to differentiate between two similar objects or situations |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to recognize or be aware of who we are, what we are doing, the time and date, or where we are in relation to our environment. to be considered a problem, it must be consistent, result in difficulty functioning, and not due to forgetting or being lost. |
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Term
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Definition
| the pushing out of older information in short term memory to make room for new information. |
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Term
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Definition
| a separation from the self, with the most severe resulting in Dissociative Identity Disorder. Most of us experience this in very mild forms such as when we are driving long distance and lost time or find ourselves day dreaming longer than we thought. |
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Term
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Definition
| a separation from the self, with the most severe resulting in Dissociative Identity Disorder. Most of us experience this in very mild forms such as when we are driving long distance and lost time or find ourselves day dreaming longer than we thought. |
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Term
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Definition
| the phenomenon in memory that states we are better able to remember information if it is distinctive or different from other information |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to use previouslyu gained information to debate or discuss issues which have no agreed. |
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Term
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Definition
| reseach method in which both the subjects and the experimenter are unaware or 'blind' to the anitcipated results |
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Term
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Definition
| an internal motivation to fulfill a need or reduce the negative aspects of an unpleasant situation |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the personality which maintains a balance between our impulses (id) and our conscience(superego) |
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Term
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Definition
| A cognitive psychologist who developed the concept of Rational=Emotive Therapy |
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Term
| Emotional Intelligence (EQ) |
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Definition
| The awareness of and ability to manage one's emotions in a healthy and productive manner |
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Term
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Definition
| the transformation of information to be stored in memory |
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Term
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Definition
| subcatefory of declarative memory where information regarding life events are stored. |
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Term
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Definition
| Causal relationships of diseases; theories regarding how the specific disease or disorder began. |
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Term
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Definition
| Research method using random assignment of subjects and the manipulation of variable in order to determine cause and effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| errors in a reasearch stury due to teh prediposed notions or belefs of the experimenter |
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Term
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Definition
| power derived through advanced knowledge or experience in a particulare subject |
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Term
| External Locus of Control |
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Definition
| the belief that teh environment has more control over life circumstances than the individual does. |
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Term
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Definition
| the reduction and eventual disappearance of a learned or conditioned response after it is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus-response chain |
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Term
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Definition
| the dsire or push to perform a certain behavior based on the potential external rewards that may be received as a result. |
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Term
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Definition
| a statistical technique used to determine the number of components in a set of data. These components are then named according to their characteristics allowing a researcher to break down information into statistical groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment involving family members which seeks to change the unhealthy familial patterns and interactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| in frued's theory of psychosexual development, the failure to complete a stage successfully which results in a continuation of that stage into later adulthood. |
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Term
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Definition
| a schedule in which the reinforcement is presented after a specific period of itme |
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Term
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Definition
| a schedule in which the reinforcement is presented after a specific number of reponses |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which arousal and/or sexual gratification is attained through inanimate objects or non-sexual body parts. Is considered a problem when teh object is needed in order to obtain arousal or gratification and the individual can not complete a sexual act without this object present. |
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Term
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Definition
| the phenomenon in memory which states that we tend to remember information better if it is repeated. |
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Term
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Definition
| a behavioral technique used to treat phobias in which the client is presented with the feared stimulus until the associated anxiety disapears |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of intelligence which involves the use, as opposed ot the acquisition, of information. |
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Term
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Definition
| presenting information either positively or negatively in order to change the influence is has on an individual or group |
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Term
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Definition
| the psychoanalytic technique of allowing a patent to talk without direction or input in order to analyze current issues of the client |
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Term
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Definition
| associated with movement, speech, and impulsive behavior |
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Term
| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
| the tendency to over estimate the internal attributes of another person's actions |
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Term
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Definition
| German word typically translated as meaning whole or form |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment focusing on the awareness and understanding of one's feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for members of a cohesive group to make more extreme decisions due to the lack of opposing views |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for members of a cohesive group to reach decisions without weighing all the facts, especially those contradicting the majority opinion. |
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Term
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Definition
| the decrease in response to a stimulus due to repetition. |
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Term
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Definition
| false perception of reality |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to assign generally positive or generally negative traits to a person after ovserving one specific positive or negative trait, respectively |
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Term
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Definition
| the specific field in psychology concerned with psychology's impact on health, physical well being, and illness. |
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Term
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Definition
| a rule of thumb based on experience used to make decisions |
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Term
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Definition
| maslow's theory of moktivation which states that we must achieve lower level needs, such as food, shelter, and saftey before we can achieve higher level needs, such as belonging, esteem, and self-actualization |
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Term
| Higher Order Conditioning |
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Definition
| Pairing a second conditioned stimulus with the first conditioned stimulus in order to produce a second conditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of the body and the mind to naturally gravitate toward a state of equilibrium or balance. |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment focused on increasing awareness fo one's self concept |
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Term
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Definition
| a trained, and often licensed, therapist who utilizes the therapeutic technique of hypnosis as part of a treatment regimen |
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Term
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Definition
| a prediction about the relationship between two or more variables |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the personality which contains our primitive impulses such as sex, anger, and hunger. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| utilizing the mind to create a mental representation of a sensory experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| Expressing contradictory behavior when describing or experiencing and emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| the variable in an experiment that is manipulated or compared |
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Term
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Definition
| Decision making process in which ideas are processed from the specific to the gerneral |
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Term
| Industrial/Organizational Psychology |
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Definition
| the area or specialty in psychology focused on the application of psychological principles in the work force |
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Term
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Definition
| occurring withouth learning, inborn |
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Term
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Definition
| the understanding of a relationship between current thoughts, feelings, and or behaviors and where these originated or how they are maintained |
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Term
| Internal Locus of Control |
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Definition
| the belief that an individual has more control over life circumstances than the enviornment does. |
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Term
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Definition
| a behavior we are born with and therefore does not need to be learned |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to adapt to one's environment |
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Term
| Intelligence Quotient (IQ) |
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Definition
| the scores achieved on psychological tests aimed at quantifying intellectual ability |
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Term
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Definition
| the motivation or desire to do somethings based on the enjoyment of the behavior itself rather than relying on or requiring external reinforcement |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendnecy to focus energy inward resulting in decreased social interaction |
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Term
| Just Noticeable Difference |
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Definition
| the smallest change in a asensory perception that is detectable 50% of the time |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement but is not demonstarted until such time as reinforcement occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| theory proposed by thorndike stating that those responses that are followed by a positive consequence will be repeated more frequently than those that are not |
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Term
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Definition
| based on the idea that changes in behavior result more from experience and less from our personality or how we think or feel about a situation |
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Term
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Definition
| power derived through one's position, such as a police officer or elected official. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sigmund Freud's terminology of sexual energy or sexual drive. |
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Term
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Definition
| a belief about the amount of control a person has over situations in their life. |
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Term
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Definition
| a dream in which you are aware of dreaming and are sometimes able to manipulate the dream |
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Term
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Definition
| changes due to the natural process of aging as determined by your genetics |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of determining an average where the sum of the scores are divided by the number of scores. |
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Term
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, 2nd edition |
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Definition
| an objective test utilizing 567 items which ahve been empirically derived to measure a variety of psychological concerns. |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of determining an average by using th score which occurs most frequently |
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Term
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Definition
| the process that energizes and/or maintains a behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| a research method where the subjects are observed without interruption under normal or natural circumstances |
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Term
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Definition
| subsystem within Long term memory which consists of skills we acquire through repetition and practice |
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Term
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Definition
| graphical interpretation of a population that is bell shaped as it has the hightest frequence in the middle and this frequency diminishes the farther you get from the center on either end |
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Term
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Definition
| an expectation based on multiple observations |
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Term
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Definition
| the understanding that objects exist even when they are not directly observed |
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Term
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Definition
| a gerneric term for the psychological procedures used to measure personality which rely on measureable or objecive techniques such as the MMPI-2 and WAIS-III |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| learning that occurs due to the manipulation of the possible consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique used to improve memory where information is learned to teh point that it can be repeated without mistake more than one time. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of organizing and using information that is received through the senses |
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Term
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Definition
| the therapeutic technique based on humanistic theory which is non-directive and empathic |
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Term
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Definition
| stable set of individual characteristics trhat make us unique |
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Term
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Definition
| parenting style consisting of very few rules and allowing children to make most decisions and control their own behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| deliberate attempt to influence the thoughts, feelings or behaviors of another |
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Term
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Definition
| intense fear of object or situation |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of the brain, especially in our younger years to compensate for damage |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud's theory regarding the id's desire to maximize pleasure and minimize pain in order to achieve immediate gratification |
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Term
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Definition
| entire group to which research is hoping to generalize |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to remember the first bit of information in a series due to increased rehearsal |
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Term
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Definition
| a reinforcer that meets our basic needs such as food or water |
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Term
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Definition
| psychoanalytic teory, the defense mechanism wereby we transfer or project our feelings about one person onto anothher |
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Term
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Definition
| generic term for the psychological procedures used to measure personality which rely on ambiguougs stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| therapy where memories of childhood are analysed. |
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Term
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Definition
| modern adaptation of psychoanalytic therapy which has made sometimes minor and sometimes major changes to Frud's original theories. |
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Term
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Definition
| break from reality, usually identified by hallucinations, delusions, and/or disorientation. |
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Term
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Definition
| statistical term representing the difference between teh highest score and the lowest score |
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive therapy based on albert ellis' theory taht cognitions control our emotions and behaviorsk therefore, changing the way we think about things will afftect the way we feel and the way we behave. |
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Term
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Definition
| defense mechanism wehre one believes or states an acceptable explanation for a behavior as opposed to the real explanation |
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Term
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Definition
| defence mechanism where unacceptable impulses are converted to their opposite |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to remember the last bit of information due to the shorter time available for forgetting. |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to fill in the gaps in our memory and often believe these represent true memories |
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Term
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Definition
| power given to an individual due to repect and/or desire to be similar to that individual |
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Term
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Definition
| repeating information in order to improve our recall of this information |
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Term
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Definition
| anything that follows a behavior that increases the chances of that behavior occurring again |
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Term
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Definition
| statistical measure of a tests consistency, or ability to result in similar scores if given repeatedly |
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Term
| representativeness heuristic |
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Definition
| rule of thumg where similarity to a prototype or similar situation dictates a decision |
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Term
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Definition
| power derived through an ability to offer rewards |
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Term
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Definition
| humanistic psychologist who developed client-centered therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| a reinforcer otehr than one which meets our basic needs such as food or water |
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