Term
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Definition
| The mental activites assosiated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating |
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Term
Concept
Prototype
Algorithim |
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Definition
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people
A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provieds a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing dfeathered creatures to a prototype of a typical bird, a robin)
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts witht he usually speedier but also more error prone use of heuristics |
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Term
Heuristic
Insight
Confirmation Bias |
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Definition
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficently; speedier but also more error prone
Sudden and novel realization of the solution to a problem (contrasts strategy based solutions
Tendencyto search for information that confirms one's preceptions |
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Term
Fixation
Mental Set
Functional Fixedness
Representativeness Heuristic |
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Definition
Inability to see a problem from a new perspective an impediment to problem solving
A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way; ofetn in a way that has been succesful in the past
Tendency to think of thing only in terms of their usual functions (impediment ot problem solving)
Judging the likeihood of thinkgs in terms of how well they seem to rep. or match particular prototype (risky approach) |
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Term
Availability Heuristic
Overconfidence |
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Definition
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps b/c of their vividness) we presume such events are common.
Tendency to be more confident than correct (overestimate the accuracy of one's belifes and judgments) |
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Term
Framing
Belif bias
Belif Preservance |
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Definition
The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed significantly affects decisions
Tendency for one's p[reexisting belifs to distort logical reasoning (making invalid conclusions that to you seem valid)
Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited (the flat earth ppl) |
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Term
Language
Phoneme
Morpheme
Grammar
Semantics
Syntax |
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Definition
Our spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
In a language; the smallest disticticvve sound unit
In language the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (prefix)
System of rules that enable us to commmunicate and understand eachother
set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes (words); study of meaning
the rules for combining words itno gramatically sensiblee sentences in a given language |
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Term
Babbling Stage
ONe-Word stage
Two word stage
Telegraphic speech |
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Definition
Begining at about 4 months the tage of speech development in which an infanct spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
age 1 to 2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words
@ age 2 when speech is develped and 2 word statments are made
Early speech stage when a child speaks like a telegram "go car" using nounds and verbs omitting auxillary words. |
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Term
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Definition
| Whorf's hyposthis that language determines the way we think |
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Term
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Definition
| Our Unconscous memroy system for the motor and cognitive skills and conditioned assosiations. |
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