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| complex, unlearned species specific behavior |
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| A basic sound in a language |
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| The smallest unit of meaning in a language (consists of one ore more phonemes) |
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| Diffusion of Responsibility |
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| Causes what is known as the "Bystanders Phenomenon" - in emergency situations bystanders might not help because each person will feel that other group members will help and therefore they feel less responsible |
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| happens often times in "mobs", a state of reduced self-awareness and lowered concern for social evaluation |
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| belief that one can bring about desired changes through one's own actions. A sense of self-reliance and effectiveness |
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| Most typical example/instance of a category |
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| the tendency to view an object only in terms of its name or familliar usage (impedes creativity) |
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| Discrimination on the basis of age |
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| a thought process that attempts to generate multiple soultions to problems (brainstorming). |
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| Inter-personal Attraction Studies |
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| Show that people with similar attitudes, goals, and values are attracted to each other. (not old assumption that opposites attract) |
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| Univeral nature of human emotions |
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| Facial expression studies show that people around the world express their emtions with similar facial expressions. (ex. smile is interpreted the same around the world) |
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Three styles of Parenting |
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1) Authoritative 2) Authoritarian 3) Permissive |
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| Authoritative Parenting Style |
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| democratic oriented parents who seek input form their children but make the final decisions. produce the most well adjusted young adults |
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| Authoritarian parenting style |
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| dictators. seek no input from children...iron clad rules...motto is ''do as i say or else..." |
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| Permissive parenting style |
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| do what you want attitude. very few rules and provide little direction |
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| general adaptation syndrome |
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Hans Selye- response to stress theory: 1) alarm- sympathetic nervous system - fight or flight 2) resistence- endocrine and sympathetic N.S. response still high 3) exhaustion- fatique- immune system weakens |
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Abraham Maslow -physical needs must be met first before higher needs can be addressed- motivation theory 1) physiological 2) safety 3) love 4) esteem 5) self-actualization (point of triangle) |
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[MA (mental age)/ CA (chronological age)] x 100 = this (100 is national average) |
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suffer sever communcation problems (more males) |
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| rational emotive therapy (RET) |
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| albert ellis- the goal of this cognitive therapy is control irrational thoughts and correct self-defeating thought patterns (ex. everyone should like me) |
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he stated that the Id is present at birth (instincts) but the Ego develops in response to the demeands of society and its rules (external forces) |
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states that simple logic type of cognitive reasoning is not possible in children until the Concrete Operational Stage of intellectual development |
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| States that Defence Mechanisms are used to cope with anxiety. ex: reaction formation- adopt behaviors that are opposite of how you are feelings (thoughts of violence and aggression become a pacifist) and projection - project your problems onto others. (if you are dishonest you try to find dishonest behavior in those around you) |
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Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy (ECT) |
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| used only to treat depression (and only has last resort) |
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| most commonly affects boys- begins to be noticed at around age 7 |
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| brain disorders involving loss of cognitive functioning. biggest category is alzheimer's which is progressive, degenerative, and terminal (pg 117 goes more into depth about alzheimer's) |
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| Mid-life crisis vs. mid-life transition |
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| crisis involves a sense of failure or unfulfilled goals. transistion is a healthy approach to the new challenges tht each period of life presents |
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| ESP (extrasensory perception) |
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refers to the perception of objects or events through means other than sensory organs (telling the future, moving things with the mind)... most psychologists remain skeptical about this area of study |
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| most successful treatment involves drugs that block certan neurotransmitter sites (dopamine) |
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humanistic psychologist who cined the phrase "unconditional positive regard" as to how a therapist must accept/approach a client... client centered |
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| developed theory of moral development taht stated that roleplaying promotes moral development |
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| psychologist who believe that most research on eye-witness testimony should be re-evaluated because it was derived from situations that were artificially created in lab settings. |
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| formerly known as manic-depression, treatment for this disorder involves the use of both tricyclic anti-depressants and lithium |
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| confrontational, combative, aggressive- high adrenaline levels at all times- more prone to heart attacks |
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| means taste buds or sense of taste |
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| rules of grammar/ structure of grammar |
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| this occurs when a person beliefs do not align with their actions |
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| represents a major step in psychoanalytic therapy because the patient starts to transfer their repressed or unconscious feeling of someone significant in their past onto the therapist and therefore allows resolution to occur |
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| deals with reasoning skills - decreases with age |
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| crystallized intelligence |
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deals w/ language and vocab skills does not decrease w/ age |
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| natural selection (darwin) |
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| possessing traits or characteristics of both genders |
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| most prolific in the lip, tongue, and fingertip areas |
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| does not deal with the causes of problem or disorder |
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| helps isolate the primary components of intelligence |
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rorchach inkblot & thematic apperception test (TAT) |
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| unstructured, asked what they see in the inkblot and why... then they analyze it... |
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| thematic apperception test (TAT) |
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| get real actual picture and asked to tell story about it... the similar characteristics and analyzed |
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| rotter expectancey theory |
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cognitive-behavior theory internal locus of control vs. external locus of control -the extent people believe that they or that external factors control their lives |
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| conflict research: approach -approach |
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two positive goals or choices little stress win-win situation |
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conflict research: avoidance-avoidance |
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stressful two negative choices ut you must chose one |
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conflict research: approach-avoidance |
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alternatives have both positive and negative aspects weigh options |
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conflict research: multiple approach-avoidance |
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several alternate courses of action pos and neg aspects |
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| James-Lange Theory of Emotion |
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emotions follow rather than cause behavioral response to events pg. 384 |
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| cannon-bard theory of emotion |
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emotions accompany bodily responses (simultaneous) |
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clark hull the view that organisms learn to engage in behaviors that have the effect of of reducing drives -primary drives are like hunger and thirs and pain which trigger arousal and activate behavior |
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| produces the clearest structural pictures |
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tendency to believe generalized (phony) statements (astrology, tarot cards) |
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