Behaviorism:classical conditioning

• salivation in dogs, bell stimulus

Behaviorism: Stimulus response link

• "give me a dozen healthy infants"
• Little Albert

Psychoanalytic: ID, Ego, Superego

• Determinism-all thoughts, emotions, bx is predetermined

"whole is greater than the sum of all parts"

look at entirety of bx

• Max Wertheimer
• Wolgang Kohler

Case Study

• natural clinical test: natural events provide case stuey (tornado)

*disadvantage: cannot generalize to the entire population because happened once

• Response Bias: not everyone responds to survey

*advantage: fast & cheap

*disadvantage: not everyone responds to survey

Correlation Coefficient

*disadvantage: doesn't show causation

• Independent-what you are trying to test, altered by experimenter

*control group: does not get indep var.

*experiment group: gets indep var.

• Dependent-conditions measured

breathing, heart rate, respiration

*hindbrain

brain's relay station

sleep & arousal

*hindbrain

muscle movement & balance

*hindbrain

reflexive movement in head/eye

*midbrain

mental arousal

*hindbrain

relay station for sensory info

*forebrain

Hypothalamus

"4 Fs"

(fight, flight, food, fuck)

*forebrain

emotions

*forebrain

memories

*forebrain

start & stop voluntary movement

*forebrain

hemispheric specialization

*forebrain

planning, thinking, problem solving

*cerebral cortex

attention

*cerebral cortex

hearing

*cerebral cortex

vision

*cerebral cortex

voluntary movement

*frontal lobe

sensations of skin & muscles

*parietal lobe

speech/speaking

"can't talk girl"

*frontal lobe

understanding speech

"football throat man"

*parietal lobe

action potential occurs here

(space between myelin)

fatty substance, send neural impulses

*Schwann's cell inside

*Ivan Pavlov

neutral stimulus

unconditioned stimulus

unconditioned response

conditioned stimulus

conditioned response

NS->no response

UCS->UCR

NS+UCS->UCR

CS->CR

Primary Reinforcer-born being reinforced

(food, water, oxygen, sex)

Conditioned Reinforcer-learned to appreciate, connect to primary

REINFORCERS

add positive stimulus +:)

remove aversive stimulus -:(

PUNISHERS

add aversive stimulus +:(

remove positive stimulus -:)

1. need
2. drive
3. response
4. goal

Stimulus Motive

*William James

motivation is inherited and species specific

*Hull

Drive is the energy related to needs in life

*Yerkes Dodson

optimal performance at moderate arousal

(simple task calls for high arousal)

(complex task calls for low arousal)

*Solomon

mammals always seek emotional neutrality

• Rebound Effect-high/low emotion causes brain to motivate the body to return to neutrality

Homeostatic Regulation

body seeks equilibrium

• Negative Feedback Loop-sends message to increase motivation during deficit

*Murray

20 needs based on physio, px, vary in diff ppl, adapt to envt

*McClelland

levels of nAch determin choices you will make

• hich nAch-moderate risk taker
• low nAch-high risk taker

*Maslow

self actualization

esteem & self esteem

love & belonging

safety & security

physiological needs

external rewards

(undermines extrinsic)

*Deci

need to be competent, autonomous, relationships with others

*Bandura

if you can dream it, you can do it

*Cannon and Washburn

swallow balloon, inflate with tube, measure stomach contractions

• hunger related to stomach

• Lateral Hypothalamus-initiates eating

 "lets go eat"

• Ventromedial Hypothalamus-terminate hunger

 "oy vay I'm full"

• Paraventricular Nucleus-keeps blood sugar steady

joy + acceptance=love

acceptance + fear=submission

fear + surprise=awe

surprise + sadness=disappointment

sadness + disgust=remorse

disgust + anger=contempt

anger + anticipation=aggressiveness

anticipation + joy=optimism

*3D Intensities

stimulus->*cognitive appraisal->emotion & response

*memory, beliefs, expectations

homeless & businessman ask for dime back

*societal statuses

when clean, hold onto fliers

dirty, litter fliers

successes are personal

failures are situational

asked questions with 6 confederates, change answers

*groupthink

affinity toward another person because:

• proximity
• looks
• similarity
• arousal
• self disclosure (what you share with them)

• agape-mate in front of own needs
• mania-not monogamous, jealousy & doubt
• pragma-practical, not deeply affectionate
• eros-romantic, sexual
• ludus-funny, based in play
• storge-slow, based in friendship

must have things in common

costs=benefits

love is needed to continue species(instinct)

• need for infants to be cared for
• adults desire to protect/be protected
• non homeostatic sex drive

*Hazan Shaver

• secure lovers-comfortable with relationships
• avoidant lovers-uncomfortable being close
• anxious-ambivalent lovers-worry aren't close enought, jealous

1. Non Love-stranger
2. Infatuated Love-fuck buddies
3. Liking-friends
4. Empty Love-bad marriage
5. Romantic Love-good relationship
6. Companionate Love-grandparents
7. Fatuous Love-dating because of sex
8. Consummate Love-perfect marriage

turn pegs for hours

$1-not that boring

$20-was boring

• Unfreeze-loosen values
• Chage-abandon former beliefs
• Refreeze-solidify

blue eye/brown eye

*discrimination and prejudice

2 teams at boys camp

create hate

change goal so work together

murdered, hear screams, no one helps

*bystander effect & diffusion of responsibility

PA system, hear student seizure

think only one - 90% help

think others hear - 50% helo

Eynseck's Trait Theory

(MCPS)

Melancholic-sad NI

Choleric-hot tempered NE

Phlegmatic-calm CI

Sanguine-cheercul CE

• Cardinal Traits- most clear trait
• Central Trait- building blocks of px
• Secondary Traits- less consistent in px

Surface Trait-observable

Source Trait-less consistent

Norman's "Big Five" Trait Theory

(OCEAN)

Openness - imaginative

Conscientiousness - organized/hardworking

Extroversion - sociable

Agreeableness - sympathetic/courteous

Neuroticism - insecure/anxious

1. drive
2. cue
3. response
4. reward

*critical situations-toilet, feeding, sex training

Social Learning

Expectancy - confirmation bias

Reinforcement Value - everyone has diff value

Locus of Control

basic anxiety because we live in a hostile world

move toward-fix now

move away-fix later

move against-aggressive

Personal Unconcious-unique to each indiviual, repressed memories are achievable

Complexes-clusters of emotionally loaded thoughts in ego

high self monitors-adjust to situation

low self monitor-not concerned with impressesion, consistent

MMPI-patterns in response, based on honesty

Myers-Briggs-measure how you percieve world

*uncover unconcious

Rorschach Inkblot Test-content and location

Thematic Apperception Test-20 ambiguous pics, tell story

Sigmund Freud

ID/Ego/Superego

ID

Libido-energy behind ID

Eros-life/survival instincts

Thanatos-death instincts, destructive/violence nature

SUPEREGO

Ego Ideal-remind you of awards

Conscience-remind you of punishments

Sigmund Freud

Dynamics of Mind

• moral anxiety-threats of punishment from superego
• neurotic anxiety-worry ego can't control id, worry do something wrong

Sigmund Freud

Psychosexual Stages

• anal retentive-neat freak
• anal explsive-dirty slob
• phallic px-obsessed with genitals, vain
• sublimation-redirect sex attraction to activity
• oral dependent-erotic
• oral aggressive-sadist

Sigmund Freud

Defense Mechanisms

• Denial
• Repression
• Projection
• Displacement
• Sublimation
• Reaction Formation-oxymoron (drug counselor is addict
• Rationalization-non threatening explanation (didnt drink too much)
• Regression-act like earlier stage (tantrum)

men with breasts

sparse facial/body hair

small testes

can't produce sperm

Supermales

XYYY

taller

more acne

lower IQ

violent & impulsive

female with:

webbed neck

shell shape chest

convex fingernails

elbow turned in *cubitus valgus

reverse gender roles

*culture influence roles

60 masculing, feminine, neutral traits

*androgyny=adaptable

Causes:

parenting

childhood play

hormones in utero

choose orientation

*Freud's schizophrenogenic mother

homosexual 10% population

bisexuality 1/25

Masters & Johnson's

Human Sexual Response Cycle

1. excitement
2. plateau
3. orgasm
4. resolution

1. pedophillia
2. fetishism
3. exhibitionism
4. voyeurism
5. transvestic fetishism
6. sexual sadism
7. sexual masochism
8. frotteurism

primary-never had one

secondary-have but not now

contraction of muscles, prevent sex because

anxiety

fear

nervousness

1. free association
2. dream analysis-latent v manifest
3. resistances
4. transferences

1. unconditional positive regard
2. empathy
3. authenticity
4. reflective

Logotherapy-need to find meaning in life

Confrontation-find client's self imposed limit, show them they are limiting themself

Aversion Therapy-negative feeling w/ attractive stimulus

*antabuse

Systematic Desensitization-start with small anxiety, progress until fear is casual object

Flooding-expose person in controlled environment

Implosion Therapy-imagine

• Token Economy
• Bxal Contracting

A-activating experience

B-false belief

C-emotional consequence

neg self defeating thoughts underlie depression

• selective perception-depressed ppl see what they want to see
• overgeneralization
• all-or-nothing-everything good or everything bad

Lobotomy-treat severe aggression/impulsive by severing frontal lobe

Deep Lesioning-destroy target areas of brain through electrode

electric shock

150 volts for 1-1.5 seconds

successful with depression

treats agitation, delusions, hallucinations, thought disorders

*Phenothizines

Tricyclics

Monoamine Oxidase

Selective Serotonin Reuptake

Barbiturates

Muscle Relaxers

Benzodiazipines

symptoms:impair alertness, dangerous in overdose & driving, habit forming

blocks dopamine, tardive dyskinesia (involuntary mvmt)

• haldol
• thorazine

increase serotonin and NE

• elavil
• trofanil

increase serotonin and NE

• marplan
• narvil

blocks serotonin reuptake

*most common because less side effects

• prozac
• zoloft

increase GABA, calm brain

• valium
• librium
• halcion
• ativan

• primary-prevention
• secondary-early detection
• tertiary-treatment

Hippocrates:imblalance 4 humors

Middle Ages: demonic forces, tx to kill

Renaissance: demonic forces, tx hospitalize as animals

• International Classification of Diseases
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

GAF

Global Assessment of Functioning

score 0-100

distrust

quick to challenge

shift blame

avoid close relationships

Schizoid

Px Disorder

"HERMIT"

avoid relationships

prefer to be alone

weak social skills

Schizotypal

Px Disorder

"PRIATE"

odd thinking

isolated

believe they have extrasensory skills

eccentric bx

elaborate speech

Antisocial

Px Disorder

"CONARTIST/CRIMINAL"

no conscience

lie

steal

self absorbed

Borderline

Px Disorder

"SUICIDAL"

instable moods

poor self image

intense relationships

Histrionic

Px Disorder

"NEED ATTENTION"

attention seeker

grandiose language

dress provocatively

exaggerate friendships

Narcissistic

Px Disorder

"DESERVE ATTENTION"

self centered

exaggerate achievements

uninterested in others

Avoidant

Px Disorder

"SOCIALLY AWKWARD"

social anxiety

fear rejection

fantasy

yearn for friends

Dependent

Px Disorder

needy

clingy

suicidal with breakups

stay in abusive relationship

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder

"OCPD"

"NEAT FREAK"

obsessed with neatness & perfection

don't express emotion

Generalized

Anxiety Disorder

unreallistic anxiety

*at least 6 months

Acute Stress

Anxiety Disorder

extreme bout as reaction to stress

*less than 1 month

Panic

Anxiety Disorders

Dysthymic

Depressive Mood Disorder

moderate depression

*2 years

Major Depressive

Mood Disorder

severe depression

*2 weeks

Bipolar I

Mood Disorder

"MANIC DEPRESSION"

extreme cycles mania & depression

delusions

Bipolar II

Mood Disorder

1 or more manic episoders

rapid cycling when severe

Cyclothymic

Mood Disorder

simple ups and downs

*2 or more years

"EMOTIONLESS"

absence of natural ups and downs in emotion

"MULTIPLE PX"

2 or more px

diff ways of thinking

forget episodes

Intermittent Explosive

Impulse Control Disorder

Trichtillomania

Impulse Control Disorder

Somatization

Somatoform Disorder

Conversion

Somatoform Disorder

Body Dysmorphic

Somatoform Disorder

Hypochondriasis

Somatoform Disorders

preoccuppied with physical symptoms

bad interpretation

Munchausen

Factitious Disorders

cause physical illness to self for attention

*by proxy-cause to others for attention

Causes of Psychopathology

PSYCHOANALYTIC

1. Anxiety

objective anxiety-real world threat

moral anxiety-punish by superego

neurotic anxiety-superego cant control id

2. Mood Disorders (depression/bipolar)

heartbreak->incorporate lost love into own bx->angry with self

3. Schizophrenias

primary narcissism-during ora stage, ego and id never separate

double blind theory-contradicting communication as child

schizophrenogenic mother-cold

Causes of Psychopathology

HUMANIST

1. Anxiety

difference in ideal and percieved self

2. Mood Disorders

lack purpose in life

incongruence

3. Schizophrenia

unlivable situation (homeless)

Causes of Psychopathology

BEHAVIORISM

1. Anxiety

classical/operant conditioning, social learning

2. Mood Disorders

depressed ppl get fewer rewards and more punishments

3. Schizophrenia

labeling-label person, confirmed through self fulfilling prophecy

Causes of Psychopathology

COGNITIVISM

1. Anxiety

maladaptive thoughts become automatic

2. Mood

learned helplessness

magnification

minimization

personalization

3. Schizophrenia

cognitive flooding-sensory overload

Causes of Psychopathology

BIOPSYCHOLOGY

1. Anxiety

low levels of GABA

inhibit NT, leads to axiety

2. Mood

low serotonin=depression

high NE=mania

3. Schizophrenia

excess DA

large ventricles