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| science of behavior and mental processes |
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| principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to suceeding generations |
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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
Applied: for a specific reason |
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| branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders |
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| tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen it |
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| explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations |
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| testible prediction, often implied by theory |
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| statement of procedures used to define research variables |
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| repeating the essence of a research study, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances |
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| repeating the essence of a research study, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances |
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| one person is studied in depthin the hope of revealing universal principles |
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| techinque for ascertaining self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people |
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| tendnecy to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors |
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| sampel that fiarly represents a pop b/c each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
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| observing and recording behavrio in naturally occuring situtations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
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| statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other |
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| perception of a relationship where none exists |
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| research method in which an einvestigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the ffect on some behavrio or mental process (dependent variable) |
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| neither the participant and the staff are ignorant to whether the substance given is real or a placebo |
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| condition of an experimetn that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable |
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| condition of an experiment that contrast with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of treatment |
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| factor that is being manipulated; variable whose effect is being studied |
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| experimemental factor that is being measured; variable may change in response to manipualations of independent variable |
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| most frequently occuring score in a distrubution |
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| middle score in a distribution |
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| difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
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| computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score |
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| statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occured by chance |
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| enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted form one generation to another |
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| nerve cell; basic building block of the nervous system |
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| bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that recive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body |
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| extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands |
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| layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of amny neurons --> speeds up neural impusles |
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| brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane |
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| level of stimulation needed to elicit response |
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| junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron . tiny gap called synaptic gap |
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| chemical messengers that traverse thte synaptic gaps between neurons |
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| neurotransmitter that triggers muscle contraction |
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| morphine within - natural neurotransmitter that is linked to pain control and pleasure |
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| electrochemical communication system --consists of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systmes |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body |
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| neural "cables" containing many axons. bundled axons connect hte CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs |
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| neurons that carry incoming information from teh sense receptors to the CNS |
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| CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs |
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| carry outgoing info from the CNS to the muscles and glands |
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| PNS that controls the body's skeletal muscles |
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| part of PNS that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs. Sympathetic: arouses Parasympathetic: calms |
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| interconnected neural cells |
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| naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue |
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| electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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Definition
| amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across brain's surface - measure by electrodes placed on the scalp |
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Definition
| series of x-rays taken from different angles and combined by a computer into a composite represenation of a slice throug the body (CAT Scan) |
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| visual display of brian activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task |
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Definition
| uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue: allows us to see structures within the brain |
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| oldest part and central core of the brain |
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| base of brainstem: controls heartbeat and breathing |
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| network in brainstem that helps control arousal |
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| sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the crebellum and medulla |
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| little brain - attached to rear of brainstem - helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance |
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| doughnut shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres: fear and agression and drives such as those for food and sex |
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| two almomnd shaped clusters that are components of the limbic system and linked to emotion -- agression and fear |
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| lies below the thalamus; directs maintenance activites such as eating, drinking, and body temp, helps govern the endocrine system via pituatary gland and is linked to emotion |
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Definition
| intricate fabric of interconnected nerual cells that covers the crebral hemispheres: body's ultimate control and information-processing center |
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| cells in teh nervous system that support, nourish and protect neurons |
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| just behind forehead: involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and jugement |
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| lies at top of head and toward the rear: includes the sensory cortex |
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Definition
| portion lying at the back of head: visual area |
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| above ears: auditory areas |
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| rear of frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements |
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| front of parietal lobes that register body sensations |
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| areas of cerebral cortex not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thninking and speaking. |
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| impariemtn of language - damage to Broca's area |
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| language comprehension and expression |
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| ability to change to adjust |
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| band of fibers connecting brain hemispheres |
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| hemisphers disconnected from each other |
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| set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream |
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Definition
| chemical messengers, manufactured by endocrine glands, produced in one tissue and effect the other |
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Definition
| endocrine glands above kidneys; secrete epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (nonadrenaline) which helps arouse body in time of stress |
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Definition
| under influence of hypothalamus, regulates growht and controls other endocrine glands |
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Definition
| threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that ocntain the genes |
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Definition
| molecule containing the genetic info that makes up chromosomes |
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| biochemical unitse of heredity that make up the chromosomes |
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Definition
| complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the gentic material in its chromosomes |
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| random error in gene replication |
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| characteristics, by which peopel define male and female |
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Definition
| study of the relative power and limits of genetic and enviromental influences on behavior |
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| every nongenetic influence, from the prenatal nutrition to the peoples and things around us |
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| person's chracteristic emotional reactivity and intensity |
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| proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes |
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| dependence of the effect of one factor on another factor |
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| subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure adn function of genes |
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| understood rule for accepted and expected behavior |
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| self-replicating ideas, fashions and innovations passed form person to person |
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| set of norms about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave |
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| set of expected behavior for males and femals |
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| one's sense of being male or female |
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| acquisition of atraditional masculine or feminine role |
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| theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished |
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| theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be a male or female and adjust their behavior accordingly |
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| developing human organism from about two weeks after fertiliztion through second month |
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| 9 weeks after conception to birth |
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| agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo/fetus during prenatal development |
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| decreasing respnsivenes with repeated stimulation |
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| biological growth process that enable orderly chagnes in behavior |
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| conept or framework that organizes and interprets info |
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| interpreting one's new experience in terms of existing schemas |
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| adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new info |
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| Piaget's theory: birth - two years during which infants know the world mostly in terms of sneosry impressions and motor activities |
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| awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceieved |
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| 2-6 years: representing things with words and images, but lacking logical understanding |
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| 7-11 thinking logically about concrete events |
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| 12 to adulthood. abstract reasoning |
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Definition
| properties such as mass, volume,a dn number remain the same despite changes in shape |
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| inability of preoperational child to take another's POV |
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| people's ideas about their own and other's mental states |
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| disorder that appears in childhood and marked by deficient communications |
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Definition
| period after birht when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development |
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Definition
| sense of one's identity and personal worth |
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| transition period from childhood to adulthood |
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| period of sexual maturation |
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| primary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| body structures that make reproduction possible (ovaries, testes, genetalia) |
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| secondary sex characterstics |
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Definition
| nonreporductive sexual charcteristics (breasts, voice quality, and body hair) |
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Definition
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| one's sense of self, adolescenct's task to solidify sense of self |
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| progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of mental abilities |
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Definition
| study in which people of diff ages are compared with one another |
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Definition
| same peopel are restudied and retested over a long period of time |
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| crystallized intelligence |
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Definition
| accumulated knowledge and verbal skills |
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Definition
| one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly tends to decrease during late adulthood |
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| culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood and retirement |
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| analysis that beings iwth the sense receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory info |
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| info processing guided by higher-level mental processing |
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| study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience fo them |
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Definition
| preidicting how and when we dtect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation |
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| min. difference between two stimuli required for detrection 50% of time |
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| dminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation |
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| conversion of one form of energy into another |
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| distance from peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next |
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| dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light |
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| amount of energy in a light, or sound wave, which we percieve as brighness or loudness |
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Definition
| adjustable opening int eh center through which light enters |
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| colored portion of the eye |
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| changes shape to help focus images on the retina |
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| light sensitive inner surface of the eye |
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| retinal receptors that dtect black, white, and gray --> night vision |
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| receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight |
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| nerve that carries neural impulses form the eye to the brain |
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| centarl focal point in the retina |
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| nerves that respond to certain features of stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movements |
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| processing several things at once |
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| Young-Helmholtix trichromatic (three color) theory |
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Definition
| retina contains three color receptors which produce the perception of any color |
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| theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision |
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| tone's highness or loweness |
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| chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrate vibration so f the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window |
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Definition
| contains cochlea, simicircular canals and vestibular sacs |
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Definition
| coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube int eh inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses |
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Definition
| links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated |
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Definition
| theory that the rate of nerve impulses travling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency fo a tone, thus enabling us to sense pitch |
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Definition
| caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea |
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| sensirneural hearing loss |
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Definition
| hearing loss caused by damageto the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves |
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| one sense may influence another |
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| the system for sensing the postion and movement of individual body parts |
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Definition
| the sense of body movement and postion, including the sense of balance |
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Definition
| the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party effect |
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| the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses |
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Definition
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| organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundsing |
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| depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence that depends on the use of two eyes |
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| distance cues, such as linear perspective and overlap, available either eye alone |
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Definition
| binocular cue for perceiving depth --> greater the disparity between the two images, the closer the object |
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| binocular cue for percieving depth, extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object |
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Definition
| illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in sucession |
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| perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change |
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| awareness of ourselves and our environments |
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| relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state |
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| large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep |
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| disorder characterized by temporay cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent awakening |
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Definition
| remembered story line of a dream |
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| forgotten content of dream |
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| tendency for REm sleep to increase following REm sleep deprivation |
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Definition
| phychedelic (mind manifesting) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions |
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Definition
| drugss that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement |
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| opium, such as morphine and heroin |
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| drugs that stimuulate neural activity - speeded up body functions |
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| synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen |
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| main ingredient in marijuana |
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| presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact |
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| presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing |
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| learning that certain events occur together |
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Definition
| psychology shouldl be an objective science that studies behvaior with reference to mental process |
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Definition
| unlearned, naturally occuring response to teh unconditioned stimulus |
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| stimulus that unconditionally triggers a response |
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| learned response to a previously netral conditioned stimulus |
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| originally irrelevant stimulst that comes to trigger a conditioned response |
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| initial stage of classical conditioning |
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Definition
| tendency, once a response has conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses |
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| behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer, or diminished if followed by a punisher |
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Definition
| occurs as an automatic response to stimulus |
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| operates on the environment, producing consequences |
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Definition
| Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences |
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| conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer apporzimations of a desired goal |
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| any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
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Definition
| innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need |
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Definition
| stimulus gains its reinforcingn power through its associations iwth a primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer |
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Definition
| reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
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Definition
| reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredicable number of responses |
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Definition
| reinforces a response only a specified time has elaspsed |
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| variable-interval schedule |
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Definition
| reinforces a response at unpredicatble time intervals |
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Definition
| desire to perfrom a behavior for its own sake and to be effective |
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Definition
| desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment |
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Definition
| front lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so |
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Definition
| positive, constructive, helpful behavior |
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Definition
| processing of info into the memory system |
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Definition
| retention of encoded info over time |
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Definition
| process of getting info out of memory storage |
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| unconcscious encoding of incidental info, such as space, time and frequency |
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Definition
| tendency for distributed study or practice to yeild better long-term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice |
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Definition
| tendency to recall best the last and first items on a list |
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Term
| visual/acoustic/semantic encoding |
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Definition
encoding of picture images
sounds
meaning of words |
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Definition
| organizing items into familiar, manageable units |
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Definition
| photographic or picture-imagge memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second |
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Definition
| momentary sensory memory of auditor stimuli |
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Definition
| increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation |
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Definition
| retention independent of conscious recollection |
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Definition
| memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" |
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| activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory |
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| tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's moods |
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| disruptive effect of prior learning on teh recall of new info |
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Definition
| disruptive effect of new learning ont he recall of old info |
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