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| (1879) He created the first psychology laboratory, where he trained his subjects in introspection, identified the basic cognitive structures (atoms of the mind), and came up with the Theory of Structuralism. The Theory of Structuralism theorized that the mind operates with a combination of subjective emotions and objective sensations. |
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| The Theory of Structuralism |
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| Created by Wilhelm Wundt, it theorized that the mind operates with a combination of subjective emotions and objective sensations. |
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| (1900) A functionalist who studied how Wundt's structures functioned in real life and studied how mental operations help us adapt to our environment and solve problems. |
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| A form of psychology that theorizes that the mind operates with a combination of subjective emotions and objective sensations. It was originated by Wilhelm Wundt. |
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| Founded by William James, this school of thought focused on applying psychological findings to practical situations as well as studying the functions of mental operations in adapting to the environment. Its goal was to explain behavior. |
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| This school of thought studied a person's total experience rather than separating the mind into parts. "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts." |
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| (1920) This psychologist emphasized emotion, particularly unconscious emotion perhaps from childhood or emotion that had been repressed, and how it affects our life choices. He studied how the unconscious mind shapes behavior. |
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| Psychoanalytic Perspective |
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| Founded by Freud, this theory strongly opposed the behaviorists and instead emphasized the unconscious mind and its effect on our behavior. Freud believed that to truly understand behavior, we must examine the unconscious mind through dream analysis, word association, and other psychoanalytic techniques. |
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| A psychological theory that believed we should only study what is observable (behavior and its effects.) Forerunners of this theory were John Watson and Ivan Pavlov. |
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| A forerunner of Behaviorism. |
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| A forerunner of Behaviorism. |
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| A psychology theory that emphasized free will and individual choice. They were opposed to the behaviorists. Believers in this theory include Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. |
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| A theory that explains behavior in terms of natural selection. For example, "Does the behavior increase reproductive success or survival?" |
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| Biological or Neuroscience Perspective |
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| A theory that examines thoughts and behavior with biological and chemical process. |
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| A theory that examines thoughts and behavior by studying how we interpret, process, and remember events. |
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| Sociocultural Perspective |
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| A theory that explains thoughts and behavior by examining cultural differences. |
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| Evaluates and treats patients with emotional or behavior disorders. |
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| Helping people adapt to changes or make changes in their lifestyle. |
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| The study of psychology throughout the life span. |
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| Focusing on how effective teaching and learning take place. |
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| Industrial/Organizational Psychology |
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| Improving the productivity and work-life in a company. |
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| Explores the relationship between the brain and the nervous system. |
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| Counsels school students. |
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| Examines how a person's mental life is shaped by their interactions with others. |
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| Research that has a practical application. |
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| Research that answers questions without a real-world application. |
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| A tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested and investigated. (Book definition: "... a relationship between two variables.") It is usually expressed in an "if ... then ..." statement. |
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| things that vary among participants in an experiment, like height, weight, or eye color. |
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| This variable depends on the independent variable. If the independent variable changes, this variable will too. For example, if you were experimenting to see the effects of video games on IQ, the independent variable would be video game intake, and IQ would be the _____ variable. |
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| The dependent variable is dependent on this variable. If this variable changes, the dependent variable will change also. if you were experimenting to see the effects of video games on IQ, the _____ variable would be video game intake, and IQ would be the dependent variable. |
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| Explaining how you will measure the variables in an experiment. For example, in an experiment in which television is thought to make people more aggressive, you would have to define what programs are considered violent and what behaviors are considered aggressive. |
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| In an experiment, the group that receives treatment. |
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| In an experiment, the group that does not receive treatment to see if there really is a change inn the treated group. |
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| Variables in an experiment that are different between the experimental and control group and could therefore taint the conclusion of the experiment. |
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| Situation-Relevent Confounding Variables |
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| confounding variables that are caused by the situation itself. For example the size or temperature of the experimenting room. |
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| A kind of situation-relevent bias where the experimenter treats one group of subjects different from another group. |
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| In an experiment with a placebo, this kind of procedure doesn't let the subjects or the experimenters know which group is getting which treatment. This prevents experimenter bias. |
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| A phenomenon where choosing a group of people to experiment on actually affects the performance of the group, no matter what is actually done to that group. |
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| When the presence of one thing predicts the presence of another. (Which means the absence of one thing predicts the absence of another. The two things are either both present or both absent.) |
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| When the presence of one thing predicts the absence of another. |
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| A research method where naturally occurring behavior is observed to study typical behavior of animals without manipulating variables. |
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| A research method where a specific group or a single person is examined closely through interviews, observations, and test scores to understand complex or rare phenomena. |
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