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| an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. |
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| Sigmund Freud's theory proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality. |
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| focuses on our inner capacities for growth and self fulfillment. |
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| psychoanalytical perspective |
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| the first comprehensive theory of personality, which included ideas about an unconscious region of the mind, psychosexual stages and defense mechanisms for holding anxiety at bay. |
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| in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. |
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| Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions. |
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| according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware. |
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| manifest content (of dreams) |
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| latent content (of dreams) |
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| what the manifest content means. |
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| contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. |
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| the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle→satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically result in pleasure rather than pain. |
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| satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically result in pleasure rather than pain. |
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| the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscious) and for future aspirations. |
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| the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones. |
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| distinct pleasure-sensitive areas of the body. |
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| according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father. |
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| according to Freud, a girl's sexual desires toward her father and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival mother. |
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| the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos. |
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| sense of being male or female |
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| our early childhood relations with parents, caregivers, and everything else that influences our developing identity, personality, and frailties. |
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| according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved. |
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| in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. |
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| in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. |
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| psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated. |
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| psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings. |
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| psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. |
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| defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions. |
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| psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet. |
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| Carl Jung's concept of a shared or inherited reservoir of memory from out specie's history. |
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| a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics. |
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| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
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| a prjection test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. |
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| the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots designed by Herman Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots. |
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| proposes that faith in one's worldview and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply-rooted fear of death. |
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| tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors. |
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| according to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential. |
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| a spiritual or personal experience that surpasses ordinary consciousness. Maslow. |
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| unconditional positive regard |
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| according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance towards another person. |
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| all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answers to the question, "who am I?" |
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| statistical procedure to identify clusters of test items that best tap basic components of intelligence. |
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| emotional reactivity & the behavior style that helps define our personality. |
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| a questionnaire (often w/ true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviours; used to assess selected personality traits. |
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) |
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| the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes. |
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| a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups. |
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CANOE
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Openness
Extraversion |
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| Social-Cognitive Perspective |
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| views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons and their thinking and their social context. |
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| the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors |
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| our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless |
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| external locus of control |
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| the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's control determines one's fate. |
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| internal locus of control |
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| the perception that one controls one's own fate. |
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| the helplessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. |
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| negative attribution style |
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| attribute poor performance to lack of ability or to situations beyond one's control. |
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| overestimating others' noticing and evaluation our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we assume a spotlight shines on us). |
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| self reference phenomenon |
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| people remember things better if the things have been related to themselves. |
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| one's feelings of high or low self-worth. |
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| a readiness to perceive oneself favorably. |
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