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using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning.
In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or generalization about human existence. |
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The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words.
Repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound and/or echo the sense of the passage. |
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| A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. |
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| The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, or a word, phrase, sentence, or passage. |
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| A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something something familiar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging. |
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| A sub-type of parallelism, when the exact repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines or sentences. |
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| The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences. |
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| the opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite. |
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A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point.
(If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) |
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| a figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person |
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| The emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author' choice of objects that are described. |
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| A verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics. |
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| a grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. |
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Use of slang/informalities in speech or writing.
Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialects. |
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| A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. A conceit displays intellectual cleverness as a result of the unusual comparison being made. |
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| the non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes. |
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| The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color. |
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| Main goal of these words are to teach, especially morals or ethical principles |
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A word that is more agreeable or less offensive for a word/concept that is less pleasant
Sometimes writers might use euphemisms to add humor or be ironic. |
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| Imaginative / vivid language; not meant to take it literally |
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